Corporate Social Responsibility - 1015 Words

In a recent time companies are giving more attention to develop a CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) and mainly their core values. Core values are used in marketing strategies (Berry, 1999) also in customer-retention management in order to create distinctive, long-lasting relationships with customers (Prahald and Ramaswamy, 2004; Normann, 2001) and stakeholders (Pruzan, 1998; Post et a, 2002). The interaction with a stakeholder and concerns a business operation use to understood CSR as the voluntary integration of environmental and social, but it has failed to discuss and analyse CSR explicitly from the perspective of stakeholders (Andriof et al,2002; Post et al,2002). Drawing on freeman (1984, 1994), the adoption of CSR regards we†¦show more content†¦The shareholder strategy thus views CSR as a means, not as a goal. The social-harmony strategy, in contrast, takes a â€Å"communitarian-oriented† perspective (Selznick, 1994). It is been argued that the demands and needs of stakeholders must be balanced and does not separate ethics from business (Freeman, 1994, 2002). How CSR and stakeholder thinking are linked to each other needs to be examined a bit more closely. Thought the shareholder and the social-harmony strategy are both stakeholder strategies yet the CSR plays different roles within them, Freeman (1984) elaborated on these ideas by concluding that business needed to satisfy a multiplicity of stakeholders, and that focusing on shareholders alone was unsatisfactory, for several reasons. However, for Freeman (1984), this was not a matter of social responsibility or business ethics; rather, it represented a survival strategy for the company. At that time, Freeman had a critical approach to CSR (Freeman and Liedtka, 1991). However, he later recognised the emerging importance of ethics in business and argued that it is not possible to deal with them in isolation (Freeman, 1994, 2002). Friedman (1970) questioned whether or not a business can have any responsibilities other than increasing its profits (i.e. a shareholder perspective), but this view was strongly opposed byShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility773 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve spending finances that do not directly benefit the company but rather advocate positive social and environmental change. The soul in the next economy forum presentation made it evident that achieving corporate social responsibly in a company can reap major benefits in terms of finances, more inspiring workplace and customer satisfaction. In the past, companies mistakenly thought that corporate socialRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1990 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate social responsibility is becoming a key initiative and an essential tool in the growth of multinational corporations and the development of third world countries throughout the globe. The two concepts can work hand in hand to provide benefits for all; however difficulties in regulating and implementing corporate social responsibility need to be overcome before effective changes can be made. Definitions of corporate social responsibility can be somewhat varied depending on the perceptionRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1904 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility The different aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been the topic of considerable debate since the last decades of the twentieth century. 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Associations that are near to social obligation issues got toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibilities2100 Words   |  9 PagesSustainability requires monitoring and managing all the person to ensure that our economy and society can continue to exist without destroying the social and natural environment during development. The sustainability includes three pillars, which are economic, social and environment, forming a triple bottom line. The triple bottom line demands that a company s responsibility lies with stakeholder rather than shareholder. The stake holder is a party who can be affected or affect by the action of the company suchRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility15903 Words   |  64 PagesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) is a term describing a company’s obligation to be accountable to all of its stakeholder in all its operation and activities. Socially responsible companies consider the full scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making decisions, balancing the needs of stakeholder with their need to make profit. A company’s stakeholders are all those who are influenced by and can influence a company’s decisions and action, both locally and globally. BusinessRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility3253 Words   |  14 PagesLiving Dangerously in Two Worlds In my paper I will be discussing the topics related to corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, and responsible business) is a concept whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and other stakeholders, as well as the environment. This obligationRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2819 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction For the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thought of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2818 Words   |  12 PagesFor the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thou ght of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got to be worryRead MoreCorporate Responsibility And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesStevan Jakovljevic Professor Laud MGT 3550 Values, Ethics and Sustainability 10/18/16 Chapter 3: Define corporate responsibility (CSR). Describe the benefits. Why do some executives support CSR while others find it troublesome and argue against it? Corporate social responsibility is what a company uses to self-regulate itself and refers to business practices involving initiatives that benefit society. A business’s CSR can encompass a wide variety of tactics, from giving away a portion of a company’s

Race And Ethnicity Are Affected By Stratification - 938 Words

Before one might explain how race and ethnicity are affected by stratification. You first have to understand race and ethnicity in its self. Many people including me before I took this class thought they were the same thing. Racial groups are a group that is socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. An example of this is I come from Somalia but in the United States my race would be defined as black or African American. Ethnicity or ethnic groups are groups set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. An example of this is although my race is defined as black or African American my ethnicity is Somali. Race is a socially constructed concept. There is no biological meaning behind it. Race was constructed to give power and resources to a certain group of people, which are called the dominant group and majority group. The minority group on the other hand is a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or p ower over their own lives. Minority statues is not due to being out numbered but rather having significantly less life opportunities for success, education, wealth, and the pursuit of happiness. Each society has its own arbitrary standard for determining which characteristics are most important in defining dominant and minority groups. In the United States whites are the majority and dominant group. The minority groups include Africana Americans, Hispanics, Asian and Pacific Islanders, andShow MoreRelatedSociology : White Privilege, Stratification ( Marx + Weber ) And Racial Sterotyping Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesSociology 100: Social autobiography – Cameron McNae -8255593 Concepts: White Privilege, Stratification (Marx+Weber) and Racial Sterotyping As I stood upon the stage at Nelson College, receiving my 2013 prefect honours, I took a moment to consider my surroundings. I looked upon the hall of over 1000 young men in front of me, and saw people of all colours, backgrounds and cultures. A ‘diverse group of students from over 50 countries’ as the school administration never failed to remind us. HoweverRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Stratification On Minorities1195 Words   |  5 Pagesdisturbing to learn that poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization are among the social problems and controversial issues that still exist in the United States. What is Social Stratification Social stratification is defined as a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. For example, There are fundamental principles of stratification: slavery, caste, and class. The class systemRead MoreSocial Stratification and Discrimination849 Words   |  4 PagesNoora Zuwayed Mr. Mark Sociology 11G 22nd of April 2013 3 Questions Essay * How does social stratification show opportunities/limitations for people for differing social classes? First of all, social stratification is defined as a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. It’s the division of society into classes that have unequal amounts of wealth, power, and prestige. It’s made up from social classes. Social class is a general group in society having common economicRead MoreSocial Stratification : Social Class, Ethnicity, Age, And Gender1074 Words   |  5 Pages It is in the human nature to be social beings, and have a social identity. Social stratification is the organization of individuals into social groups based on their access to basic needs. Aspects that affect social stratification are wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth is the amount of currency or goods that an individual or family owns. This can include money, houses, livestock, etc. Power is the ability for one to achieve their goals regardless of opposition. Wealth is directly related toRead MoreEssay about Social Class1016 Words   |  5 PagesCLA SS Social class refers to the system of stratification of the different groups of people in a society. These different forms of classification are, in most instances, based on gender ethnicity and age. Social class makes everyone’s lives extremely different. For example: How long one can expect to live. In a wide range of ways, from success, to one’s health class, social class influences people’s lives (Grusky,2003). Among the life chances affected as result of social class involve factors suchRead MoreGoing Into High School As A Junior981 Words   |  4 Pagesthat I learned a lot that I never knew before and this was a great course and I am really glad that I took it. The things that took from this course that I can compare and relate to my life are the uses of technology in our society, social inequity, race of others, family and culture, gender differences, and personal life problems. When we look at how technology and how it has changed over the years, there are a lot of things that are different then how they used to be. The people, the way technologyRead MoreRacial Identity And The Social Identity923 Words   |  4 Pagesthe other children in my survey who were African-descent like me. This gave me a sense of social community and stratification with them. Also, since I was the oldest out of my childhood friends this boosted the social identity aspect I adopted from my sibling. My neighbourhood compared to others was at a lower class, there was small crimes such as vandalism, use of illegal drugs, and conflicts. This made me socially desensitised to common crimes which shaped my social identity by being calmer whenRead MoreStratification And Social Mobility On A Person s Chances For A Higher Life Expectancy Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesidea that stratification and social mobility can influence a person’s chances for a higher life expectancy is very p ossible. The concept of â€Å"stratification is defined as the structural ranking of an entire group of people that maintains unequal economic benefits and power within society.† This system allows individuals opportunities only based on the tier that they occupy. â€Å"There are four major systems of stratification which are slavery, caste, estate and class.† â€Å"The current stratification withinRead MoreTopic . The Goals Of My Research Strive To Assess The Biopolitical1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe biopolitical construction of a socially embedded hierarchy of otherness in Singapore, with specific regards to its impact on the reproduction of low-skilled migrant workers. More concretely, this essay seeks to address the restriction and stratification of reproduction amongst low-skilled migrant workers in Singapore, illuminating and analyzing the key structural factors that contribute to this reality. As fertility levels in developed nations continue to decline and re liance on immigrant labourRead MoreSocial Stratification As A System Of Inequality Essay2084 Words   |  9 Pages Social stratification is a system of inequality in which one’s wealth, power, and rank in society are looked at to create social hierarchy (Larkin, 2015). A better way to understand this system is by looking at â€Å"The Larkin Stratification Diagram†. This shows the structure of stratification where it starts with the social differentiation, then social inequality, social order, social stratification, organizing principles of stratification, social structure, social institutions, and the life options

What Is The Role Of Engineers Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(228) " of of import events that encourage environmental position on technology World population, followed by clime alteration are considered the two chief factors that are determining new applied scientists with environmental attack\." Through the last few decennaries the physical growing of population has become one of the universe ‘s highest environmental menaces. This growing has created singular demands for land, transit, energy, H2O, sanitation, etc. , and marked the different countries or Fieldss where applied scientists are working. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is The Role Of Engineers Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a consequence, todays ‘ applied scientists in both developed and developing states must to follow a new holistic attack toward natural and societal systems ( Amadei 2004 ) . Which means exchange the controlling nature attack for collaborating nature attack ; through sustainable development in pattern. Engineers, people that design professional solutions for societal issues, are playing a critical function in the building of modern societies, although the ways as they overcome and approach these depend mostly on the socioeconomic conditions which vary significantly. This essay will discourse the function of applied scientists in developing states and analyse H2O supply A ; sanitation and energy as two of the most important countries affected by their decision-making. Role of technology General Perspective The function of technology has suffered many alterations over the last few decennaries, although its construct which is based on test and mistake has remained an indispensable component of the scientific-technological method ; where societal, environmental and human factors define the most suited solution to pull off a peculiar issue. Therefore, applied scientist ‘s function is go oning reshaped harmonizing to the new challenges and necessities implicated by specialised subjects on peculiar countries of engineering ( civil, chemical, agricultural, etc. ) . ( UNESCO 2010, p. 24 ) Contemporary Perspective and sustainable development Unlike the twentieth century where the technology epoch seemed to hold limitless natural beginnings, todays ‘ century is confronting serious jobs that are seting tremendous force per unit area on the environment ( Azapagic, Perdan A ; Clift 2004, pp. 3-5 ) . Therefore, todays ‘ applied scientists besides the basic proficient and scientific cognition of the technology subject, they besides have to lend and advance sustainable development that meets todays ‘ necessities without impacting adversely the capableness of approaching coevalss to run into up their ain necessitates. This new function of technology, demands new patterns based on social-environmental factors instead than merely concern ends. Impact of technology on society The history shows legion illustrations in which applied scientists ‘ public presentation has widely influenced among communities. Quality of life, economic wealth and good substructure for case, are one of the most relevant and common indexs of their weight on society. As ( UNESCO 2010, p. 40 ) have stated, by 2025, the universe ‘s population will hold increased from 1.5 billion to 6.6 billion about and the per centum of migration to urban countries will lift from 40 per cent to 60 per cent. This information shows that urbanisation rates will hike dramatically. Subsequently applied scientists have the duty to do effectual and sustainable solutions as an incorporate attack without generate negative impacts, which is known as technology societal duty. Ethical side of technology In general footings, technology ‘s moralss is straight related with technology duties regulated by criterions codifications which act harmonizing to several state of affairss. The aim of the ethical factor in technology instead than merely fixed up regulations, is pulling solutions with reflection of peculiar state of affairss fixed into anterior rules. On this footing, at the clip of doing determinations, applied scientists should take into history the undermentioned points: sustainable development, protection of the public-environment, faithful agent of stakeholders – related with objectiveness, competence-knowledge, equity and justness, unity in the workplace ( dedication and service ) , and professional accountability- leading. ( UNESCO 2010, p. 190 ) Engineers in Developing States As in developed states, applied scientists must work within the societal, economic and environmental context in order to vouch existent sustainable development for the whole universe ( Parsons 1996, p. 170 ) . Social duties such as H2O supply, sanitation, nutrient, energy and environmental protection are the same in developing states. The difference resides on the socio-economic factors which are straight influenced by people ‘s behavior, authoritiess places and development precedences. Engineering accomplishments and moralss in Developing states As is described in the subdivision A.1 and A.3, competencies and rules of applied scientists in developing states remain the same as standardised features. The great challenge for them is in fact, to develop realistic undertakings on clip to peculiar communities and engineering available ( Parsons 1996, p. 170 ) . In fact, environmental issues, frequently take less importance because there are others which have more â€Å" relevant societal impact † , oil geographic expeditions for case. Successful and failed undertakings The successful and failed undertakings in developing states depends much on the capableness of applied scientists to set about undertakings with a clear apprehension of the aims, dependable appraisal of resources ‘ handiness, concern, and proficient demands and effectual communicating among stakeholders. The ability to implement accurately these facts will convey up utile and applicable options to turn to existent issues. By contrast, deficiency of attending to the social-economic context, moralss codifications, unrealistic outlooks, underestimated clip, quality and cost will convey hapless results. ( Parsons 1996, pp. 171,172 ) Relationship between engineering and socioeconomic factor The usage of high-technology does non vouch a successful undertaking or accurate solutions. In order to accomplish good consequences, applied scientists must be able to do a balance between usage of engineering and socioeconomic properties. Parsons ( 1996 ) points out that the appropriated choice of engineering will find non merely undertaking ‘s success besides its viability. As a consequence, there are four points to take appropriated engineering harmonizing to socioeconomic factors: it must be conceptual and physically compatible with operators, trim parts and equipment must be available in the influenced country, undertaking support must be commensurate with its budget, and the engineering must be compatible with the physical environment where it will be used. This theoretical account leads to reason that the relationship between engineering and socieconomic factor is really narrow, it must suit users and demands every bit good as must be designed to better quality life. Engineering Areas Environmental tendencies that are determining new applied scientists Brief reference of of import events that encourage environmental position on technology World population, followed by clime alteration are considered the two chief factors that are determining new applied scientists with environmental attack. During the last half of the 21th century ; universe population increased from 2.5 billion to 6 billion particularly in less economically developed states, this tendency is expected to top out at 9.3 billion by 2050 ( United Nations 2012 ) . In add-on, overpopulation besides has been linked with higher demands of natural resources ( H2O, cropland, wood ) , shanty colonies, transportation-infrastructure shortages etc. Another of import event that is doing an environmental attack is the fact that the current planetary economic is based on productiveness, which has brought several impacts associated with nursery gases, waste merchandise of fossil fuels and air pollution. Climate alteration is surely the consequence of all these elements at an unnatural rate. Therefore, the universe has changed its development attack to sustainable deve lopment ( Brown, Rener A ; Halweil 2000 ) . Hence, most of professional corporations have incorporated sustainable development into their purpose statements and codifications. New theoretical account of acquisition and pattern To face the planetary challenges that the Earth are confronting today, technology instruction has incorporated the construct of sustainability into all technology Fieldss. This means, that professional are expected to do dependable determinations that improve quality of life every bit good as cut downing negative impacts on environment and degrees of ingestion, and be aftering their actions harmonizing to socio-economic factors and engineering available. Consequently, the procedure of acquisition and pattern has been adjusted by a theoretical account of instruction more realistic-practical. Where pupils throughout workshops are larning and edifice cognition in existent state of affairss, every bit good as has created in them greater environmental duty. ( Amadei 2004 ) . Sustainability and transmutation As explain Azapagic, Perdan A ; Clift ( 2004 ) , there are surely three constrains that built the construct of sustainability. Techno-centric concerns, which represent human expertness, inventiveness and economic systems, Eco-centric concerns related with natural resources and ecological capableness and socio-centric concern based on human and societal outlooks. The Techno-centric concerns, has been traditionally used in the procedure of instruction in technology, the duty of today ‘s applied scientists is to include in equal proportion or balance all three restraints to accomplish a sustainable development. Which finally is seeking for human well-being, in other words fulfilling human demands, bettering quality of life in an eco-friendly manner. Water Supply and Sanitation Developing States background UNESCO ( 2010 ) states that H2O supply is one of the most serious jobs confronting by developing states, in India for case, 85 % of the urban population has entree to imbibing H2O, but merely 20 % of the of this meets the health-quality criterions set by World Health Organization. Additionally, the day-to-day rate of H2O supply frequently is really low and depends on economic factors and location. The state of affairs on sanitation is even worse ; frequently sanitation has lower precedence than H2O supply. It has estimated that 2.6 billion people do non hold decently or bing sanitation system in developing states. Another issue related with sanitation is in fact that effluent and solid waste aggregation services ; and stormwater drainage are unequal. Littering straight to open countries for case, has created environmental impacts on surface and land H2O resources being more dramatic in countries such as shanty towns. Engineering Challenges Engineers attack The traditionally intervention of H2O supply and sanitation direction is considered now as a standard process. Which has several interventions harmonizing to the H2O physicochemical features, engineering available and environmental ordinances. Although, it is by no agencies certain that this process has been the best. Indeed, 95 % of the effluent in the universe has been discharged to the environment without intervention ( Montgomery A ; Elimelech 2007 ) . Hence, Beside new ordinances and codifications, todays ‘ applied scientists instead that retroflex solutions from developed states to developing states, they will hold to run into basic demands of all communities for H2O and sanitation and work as facilitators of sustainability attack within context institutional, societal, political, economic, environmental and technological. Thereby, the issue of H2O and sanitation in developing states will be overcame or at least decreased. For illustration, cleaner production can be â₠¬Å" an expensive solution † , nevertheless it is truly depends on legion conditions linked with the population objet, such as natural resources, demands and societal category. Energy Developing States background In the following few decennaries, the force per unit area on energy services will increase well in developing states. It is predicted that energy ingestion worldwide will increase approximately 30 % from 2007 to 2030 and most of that growing will be came from developing states. As a consequence, the intergovernmental panel clime alteration ( 2007 ) point out that these energy issues will be addressed through cost-efficient energy plans based on the decrease of dodo fuel usage ; executions of ecofriendly engineerings and renewable energy in lodging, transit and industrial sectors and eventually the decrease of life-cycle cost, this related with all disbursals in the design, building, operation and care of a peculiar undertaking. ( Liu, Meyer A ; Hogan 2010, pp. 35,36 ) . Today ‘s modern development demands serious energetic plans that fix up both economic development and sustainable development based on the rational usage of natural resources. Engineering Challenges and attack in developing Nations. Worldwide experiences have showed that the replacing of non-renewable to renewable energy seems to be more expensive and furthermore, information about renewable engineerings is unequal or unapproachable. For that ground, the common committedness for applied scientists on energy solutions is provide better options in footings of sustainability and development. Adoption and design of new engineerings, ordinances, technology supervising within national schemes, continues updating, provide advice of energy demands, etc. , will be the common countries where applied scientists ‘ function will be important for environmental energy development in the less economically developed states. ( UNESCO 2010, p. 288 ) . Decisions How to cite What Is The Role Of Engineers Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Polycoms Acquisition Process †Free Assignment Sample Available

Question: Discuss about the Polycoms Acquisition Process. Answer: Introduction In the given case we are dealing with two companies, PictureTel and PolyCom, they are in the business of Audio-Video conferencing. PolyCom has a share of 90% in audio conferencing and it is leading in the video conferencing market. PictureTel once had a huge market share which is declining currently. Moreover they are going through a loss $ 107 million in the year 2000. In the given case we have to follow the various process of PolyCom, which they consider while doing any acquisition. We are provided with the Income statement of PolyCom and PictureTel, and thei market share in Video Conferencing Products. Since PictureTel just launched another product IPower which is a substitute of a product launched by PolyCom. It is being seen that IPower might have a better market future than t he one launched by PolyCom. Due to lack in engineers and Research and development team of PolyCom they are considering acquisition. We have to decide whether acquisition of PictureTel is better option for PolyCom or not. We have to perfom Screening Test, Sensitivity Analysis, Net Present Value etc. We have to also consider other various factors such antitrust issue, lawsuits against PictureTel, and Integration of both companies after acquisition. Analysis: Whether to Acquire or do an inbuilt Video Conferencing Product: Polycom is the company which has a market share of 71%, currently they are selling ViewStation product line which has a market share of 54%. ViewStatiuon product of Polycom deals with prototypical appliance, they want to enter into something major i.e. IPower of PictureTell, which is more technologically advanced and has a better future along with good market share for personal video conferencing. Their first concern is whether they can make such product or should they outsource their manufacturing (by acquisition of manufacturing company). If we go through the 4 acquisition, we get to see that Polycom has always acquired companies who manufactures product for them and they provide their brand name, marketing help to excel the market. Name of the company acquired Product produced by them Reason ViaVideo Communication Inc Video conferencing equipment Since ViaVedion was in product development stage, it was reasonable to acquire it rather than in house production of video conferencing product. Atlas Communication Engines, Inc Integrated Access device Technology Atlas Communication was again not a big firm, and it was still dealing with their Research development phase. Polycom again considered purchasing the small firm. Circa Communication Voice-over-IP technology Prodcut Many companies already started to built Voice-Over-IP, if PolyCom started to built such product, it would had been a very late launch of product, as most of the companies would have already secured their market place. So they acquired Circa Communication and financially helped them to get through the stage of production. Accord Networks Network System They didnt have the core competencies and engineering expertise in that area. So they acquired the company with 50% market share instead of making it on their own. In the given case Polycom neither have engineers within depth expertise in video conferencing technology, nor research and development team, and ViaVedio is not capable of making such product. Polycom lack such feature hence they are considering of acquiring PictureTell for such benefits and increasing their market share. Since PictureTell is financially declining, Polycom is considering acquiring it for future benefit. Whether to Acquire PictureTel or not? Applying Screening Criteria: PolyCom considers only those deals which help to maintain or enhance its target operating model. Acquisitions needed to fill either a technology or product gap for PolyCom and good cultural fit also needed to exist between the two companies. And also, the company needs to pass the small test no potentially costly lawsuits, no hint of financial impropriety. For considering PictureTel, we have to first see whether it fulfills the target operating model. Growth rate of PictureTel can be calculated from Exhibit 8 and Exhibit 1b: We have to apply compound Growth rate formula to calculate growth rate of PictureTel, Formula of compound annual growth rate is, CAGR = (Ending Value / Beginning Value) ^ (1 / Number of years) 1 = (530 / 44) ^ 1 / 4 - 1 = 86.30% per year market growth Therefore, Growth of PictureTel would be, 16% (Exhibit 1b) of 86.30% i.e. 13.80% Estimated increase in Financial Statement of PictureTelupto 2005 would be as follows: Assumptions for the below calculations: Cogs increase as a percentage of total revenue SGA and RD cost remains similar to previous year Particulars 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Revenue: Product Revenue (174071*1.1380) 225429.6 256539 291941 332229 198093 Service Revenue (71078*1.1380) 92049.14 104752 119207 135658 80887 Total Revenue 278980 317479 361291 411149 467887 Cost of Goods Sold: Product cost of Revenue (128252*1.1380) 166092 189013 215096 244780 145950 Service Cost of Revenue (59945*1.1380) 77631 88345 100536 114410 68217 Total COGS 214167 243723 277357 315633 359190 Gross Margin 64813 73755 83934 95516 108698 Operating Expense: SGA Exp 65000 65000 65000 65000 65000 RD 47000 47000 47000 47000 47000 Total Operating Expense: 112000 112000 112000 112000 112000 Loss from Operations: -47187 -38245 -28066 -16484 -3302 Checking for operating model Assumptions: If PictureTel is acquired by PolyCom they will lay off 50% of the Employee, so their SGA expenditure will reduce by 50% of the current expenditure. COGS, sales and marketing costs are calculated as a percentage of Revenue. RD cost remains similar to previous year. Inference from above table: Although operating model criteria doesnt get met in the first year, it will eventually start getting met from 2002. However the model doesnt take into account the anti synergy cost arising due to Ipower eating into the revenue of Polycoms earlier product. PictureTel is providing technology as well as providing a new product, IPower to deal with the market. Since one of the founder of Polycom Brian Hinman, was also the founder of PictureTel, along with Jeff Rodman being the 5th employee of PictureTel. Since they used to work in PictureTel, PictureTel will not have much problem with cultural Fit factor, since the work ethics and some the policy will be similar to PictureTel. The company, PictureTel made various changes in their financial statement quarterly in the past, and during one of those changes it received a lawsuit from Securities and Exchange Commission of $ 12 million, which is quite a big amount. They may in future be able to again continue the same behavior of changing their Financial Statement which might cause them a law suit from the SEC. For that Polycom has to take over their accounts and other financial department totally. Calculation of NPV: Since the Value of operation is already negative, calculation of NPV is of no use. If we see the estimated cash flow pattern, we get to see that the loss of PictureTel is decreasing each year. If Polycom invest in PictureTel, it might turn into a profiting company within time. Sensitivity Analysis: If we consider doing Sensitivity Analysis, we have to consider changing the growth rate of PictureTel, but even if we increase the growth rate, the estimated cash flow will still be negative, as the Cost of Goods sold will also increase with the same growth. If the Cost of Goods sold and Operating Expense increases at a decreasing rate or a rate different from the rate of growth, then it might give a positive cash flow. Those cash flows might not be higher, but positive enough for a better future. Integration of companies Since the founder of the company PolyCom, Brian Hinman and Jeff Rodman were also the founder and employee of PictureTel, they will not have much problem regarding cultural fit of the integration. But since the previous acquisitions of PolyCom has always been of those companies whose number of employees generally ranged from 20 180 employees. And the number of employees of PolyCom itself is 537 which is less than the employees of PictureTel i.e. 820. PolyCom will have to do some huge number of redundancy, as they only require their after sales service staff, engineers and research development employees. They might have to curtail 50% of the employee or more to make the integration work. Generally during such acquisition, employees of the company which is being acquired are more scared about their status of job. If the company which is acquiring are clear from the beginning about their strategy, number of employees that will be curtailed then it will help the acquiring in integration. If they acquire PictureTel, then it will require a very carefull planning of integration, and it cannot be rushed upon as PolyCom did with their other such acquisition. If they acquire PictureTel, they will have a problem with antitrust issues which will be time consuming and costly. Already PolyCom is paying a huge consideration for acquiring PictureTel, with loan and cost for anti-trust issues their expense is only increasing. They should either re consider their consideration or come up with a better way to acquire the benefit of PictureTel. Conclusion From the above analysis we get to see various results, we were to decide whether acquisition of PictureTel by Polycom would have been a better decision or not. We first checked whether Polycom is capable of making the video conferencing product on its own or they need to buy it from outsiders and then sell it in the market with their own brand name and advertising technique. Since Polycom lacks better engineers and good research and development team, they are bound to get the product manufactured from outsiders. Hence, it is then decided that we should acquire a company whose engineers and Research development are better than the one of Polycom. PictureTel is in perfect position to be acquired, and since it has the requisite engineers and RD team plus they have the best after sales service facilities which Polycom lacks. Along with these benefits they can also have a huge market share, which will make them the ultimate seller of Audio-video conferencing products. From the above analysis which Polycom generally use to determine whether they should acquire a company or not, we concluded that acquiring PictureTel would be a better option for future benefit. The only struggle Polycom will face will be due to antitrust issued. For that we can make sure that Polycam doesnt acquire PictureTel immediately, when the financial position of PictureTel improves a bit, then they should acquire it, so that in future they can cover up the expense of antitrust issues. We considered screening test, sensitivity analysis, Net Present value and integration problems that we will face during such acquisition. We prepared the estimated Cash flow of PictureTel from which we get to see that the loss of picture tell is reducing gradually and it will turn into profit if Polycom provide its brand name and advertising facilities. Currently they should provide a loan of $15 million to PictureTel. From all that we finally concluded that acquisition is better option.

Medical Ethics in Treatment of Animals

Catcher in the Rye Thesis Paper essays

Catcher in the Rye Thesis Paper essays The Catcher in the Rye is a story about a young man named Holden Caulfield and the experiences that he faces after being dismissed from school. This book contains a great deal of symbolism, but it can very easily be missed in its simple story line. The story line itself is very basic, and I do not feel that the plot is very well written. When taken the time to appreciate it, this book is without a doubt a classic. As was stated in the first paragraph this story contains a great deal of symbolism. In the beginning of the story, when Mr. Spencer fails Holden, Holden is surprised about the failing grade and his mind begins to wander. He thinks about Central Park and how when the pond freezes over the duck leave. He shows a great deal of concern for what happens to the ducks. I believe that his concern for the ducks while the pond is frozen over symbolizes his concern for what he is going to do now that he has been dismissed from school. Much later on in the book Holden is talking with Horwitz, an angry cab driver, about what happens to the ducks and fish when the pond freezes over. Perhaps Holden is still unsure about what is in store for him and what he should do with his life. Holdens character does not relate to people very well. Throughout the story Holden is longing for a companion. He does not have a very good personality so instead he uses money to get the likeness of others. In many instances his buys drinks for women to win their respect, but most of the time he is not very interested. Although Holden is very generous, his generosity is limited to his wallet. However, Holden does care very much for his sister Phoebe. She is ten years old and is very charming and intelligent. Holden cares deeply for her because he lost his brother Allie to leukemia and he never wants to lose another sibling. Holden is also a very opinionated character. He is always concerned a ...

Ideas and Ideologies of Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ideas and Ideologies of Mill - Essay Example Later at the age of twenty Mill suffered a mental break down which made him conscious, that more was needed in life than devotion to the public good and an analytical intellect. He turned towards Coleridge, Carlyle, Wordsworth, and Goethe to cultivate his aesthetic sensibilities. From 1830 to his death, he tried to persuade the British public of the necessity of a scientific approach, h to understanding social, political and economic change while not neglecting the insights of poets and other imaginative writers. (The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy ed.) Mill was also strongly influenced by his wife Harriet Taylor and became more inclined and sympathetic towards socialism, womens rights and political and social reforms such as proportional representation, labour unions, and farm co-operatives. Mill use logic derived from the principles of the natural sciences to address questions of language and logic, induction, the relativity of knowledge, the structure of the scientific method, the structure of arithmetic and geometry, and the principles of the moral sciences. Mill was committed to the idea that our best methods of explaining the world are those employed by the natural sciences. His System of Logic 1843 was an account not only of logic, as the title implies, but of the methods of science and their applicability to social as well as purely natural phenomena. ‘The object of logic â€Å"is to ascertain how we come by that portion of our knowledge (much the greatest portion) which is not intuitive: and by what criterion we can, in matters not self-evident, distinguish between things proved and things not proved, between what is worthy and what is unworthy of belief.† (A System of Logic [System], I.i.1).

To compose a proposal for research paper Assignment - 1

To compose a proposal for research paper - Assignment Example Literature Review: In this research it will entail studying and analyzing previous studies conducted in a similar research topic and evaluation of the theses and hypotheses developed by the authors. Articles, books and other relevant documents to the research problem will be identified, located and analyzed to determine what has already been done thus stimulating new ideas and approaches. Further, literature review will not only provide suggested recommendation but also form a framework for interpreting research findings. I plan to conduct proposal paper with the methodology of action research strategy, which is usually conducted with the aim of solving an immediate problem, in this case, treatment of special needs children. Data will be collected systematically from sources of similar law requirements using the probabilistic method of systematic random sampling. Using this strategy, the information will be selected randomly and ranked in accordance with its applicability in this health law so that an appropriate mechanism to create the law will be developed (World report on disability 21). The selection of relevant information will be crucial in this research thereby researchers will be required to apply judgmental evaluation while observing ethical research procedures. The planned proposed paper’s variables relating to the health law addressing treatment of special needs children will undergo analysis through two procedures; conceptualization and operationalization. This technique ensures that the findings will not only be valid to the entire concept but also reliable. Variables that may affect achievement of sufficient measurement and analysis consist of extraneous variables given they may be easily overlooked by the researcher and cause errors in applicability of the law. This research will statistically minimize their effects by considering every angle while establishing relevant

Experiences of Being Human Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experiences of Being Human - Essay Example   The poem is written with a mixed emotion of appreciation of friendship (between man and environment) as well as the nostalgia of needing to have an emotional connection. Mora on her work in Legal Alien that appeared in her poetry collection that was published in 1984 entitled Chants spoke how horrible it felt once this human connection is lost by just being different in a society that is oblivious of diversity. Mora is of Mexican descent and holds American citizenship by law yet not entirely part of the society she is in because of her two worlds, being a Mexican as well as an American. This poem exudes raw emotion as it was articulated from the first-person point of view on how Mora felt the emotional alienation when that emotional connection of which Whitman talked about is lost by just being an immigrant. This became obvious in the last few lines of her poem stating; â€Å"Sliding back and forth/between the fringes of both worlds/ by smiling  / by masking the discomfort   / of being pre-judged  /Bi-laterally†. pain was best described by using the characterization of the protagonists of the Vietnam War such as the â€Å"white vet's image /floats closer to me, then his pale eyes look through mine† and a woman â€Å"trying to erase names: [but] No, she's brushing a boy's hair† making it poignantly painful to recall. The Martian Sends a Postcard Home, on the other hand, combined the familiar and the bizarre as the familiar was seen from an alien’s point of view. Here, Craig Raine highlighted the eccentricity of human experience by the characterization of a martian of which it narrates the similarity and difference between an alien and human being and in a way a commentary or critique of how human beings treat human experience. The Model T has used a symbol (the early version of cars made by Ford) that it differs because it is locked from the inside and that there is â€Å"a film to watch for anything missed†. This pass age may have been written casually but this line is actually loaded with meaning. It is the human experience gone by as it is looked on the film (which is really the rear mirror)† and we are mindless of it because â€Å"time is tied to the wrist or kept in a box† which made us all regretful and as he Raine tells â€Å"No one is exempt and everyone's pain has a different smell†. Perhaps one of the best media of how human beings expressed their deeply seated emotion is through poems. The authors Whitman, Mora, Komunyakaa, and Raine may have represented the varying human emotion that ranged from the â€Å"joyous leaves†, alienation, pain in recalling and indifference or regret and may have used different symbolisms such as the trees, Vietnam Memorial, Model T car or a legal status but all of them converged in their intent to articulate and explore human emotions.  

Exam Answers on EU Law

Exam Answers on EU Law (a)  The UK Parliament wishes to challenge the draft Directive on the basis that it infringes the principle of subsidiarity. The UK Parliament has a system of scrutiny committees that are responsible to review the proposal established by the EU Commission. In the given scenario, the draft Directive touches on the area of ‘Research, Technological Development and Space’. According to Article 4 of Lisbon Treaty, the EU and Member States have shared competence in this field, but paragraph 3 further stipulates that the exercise of the EU’s competence in this field does not limit the competence of the Member States. Therefore, the scrutiny committees may issue a reasoned opinion on the basis that the draft Directive has infringed the principle of subsidiarity set out in Article 5(3) of the Lisbon Treaty of European Union. According to Article 6 of Protocol 2, the UK committees must issue the reasoned opinion that oppose the draft Directive within eight weeks from the date of transmission.[1] Here, the draft Directive was established on 15 December 2012 and thus the deadline for the UK Parliament to issue the reasoned opinion will be 9 February 2013. It must be noted that, if at least one third of the national parliaments have given the reasoned opinion, it is considered as a ‘yellow card’ and the Commission can be required to review the draft Directive. However, in case of more than a simple majority, this is an orange card and this allows the European Parliament and the Council to reject the draft Directive before the first reading.[2] (b)  The German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (hereinafter referred to as ‘the association’) wishes to challenge the regulation, in order for it to be declared invalid. There are two ways available: a direct action under Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as ‘TFEU’); or an indirect action under Article 267 of TFEU. Direct Action under Article 263 In order to strike down the directive successfully under Article 263,[3] there are three procedural requirements: there is a legal act, the action is raised within the prescribed limit of two months and the applicant must have sufficient legal standing to initiate the action.[4] By virtue of Article 288 of the TFEU, a directive is a ‘legal act’ that fulfil the Article 263 requirement. We are told that the directive was adopted on 1 July 2013 and thus the latest date for the association to bring the action is 1 September 2013. Further, the association is a non-privileged applicant who has no automatic standing and thus it is necessary for the association to satisfy that the adopted Directive is of both the direct and individual concern to them.[5] Nevertheless, as shown in the Salamander case, it may be extremely difficult for a non-privileged applicant to prove that a directive is of direct concern to him.[6] According to Plaumann, it is likely that the directive casts no individual concern to the association as they cannot be differentiated from the other researchers.[7] Thus, the action under Article 263 looks unlikely materialise to the association. Indirect Action under Article 267 Alternatively, under Article 267, the association may have to be a party to an action in a national court and the court would have discretion as to whether or not to make a reference on this issue to the CJEU. According to Rau v BALM, the facts that the association has no standing under Article 263 would not affect their ability in bring an Article 267 action.[8] But it is still not advisable for the association to bring an action under Article 267 as it has been pointed out by Advocate General Jacobs in UnioÃÅ'’n de PequenÃÅ'Æ’os Agricultores that it is wrong to expect someone to ‘breach the law in order to gain access to justice’.[9] (c)  Professor Moltisanti wishes to bring an action against Italian government for its failure to implement the directive. There are two actions available to him: the doctrine of direct effect; or the Francovich principle. The Doctrine of Direct Effect According to the leading case of Van Gen den Loos, in order for directive to give rise to direct effects, certain criteria has to be satisfied.[10] First of all, as shown in Ratti, the court held that the applicant is only allowed to rely on a directive that the deadline for implementation has been expired.[11] On the facts, the grant scheme runs from July 2014, this indicates that the deadline for transposition (1 November 2013) has already expired and thus Professor Moltisanti may be able to rely on the directive directly in the court. Next, in Marshall v Southampton SW Hampshire AHA, it was held that a directive could be invoked vertically against a public body.[12] In the other words, Professor Moltisanti can rely on the directive vertically against the Italian government. Francovich Principle On the other hand, an alternative way that available for Professor Moltisanti is the principle established in the Francovich case that a right to damages against the member states is available to individuals if they have suffered loss as a result of the member state’s failure to implement a directive.[13] This principle is further developed Factortame, where the court laid down the criteria in replying the Francovich principle that there must be a sufficiently serious breach and direct causal link can be established between the breach and the loss suffered by the individual.[14] Applying this to the facts, the failure to implement the directive is automatically a sufficiently serious breach within the SchoÃÅ'ˆppenstedt[15] formula and it is clearly that the Italian government’s failure to implement the directive makes Professor Moltisanti lost the opportunity to gain support under the scheme. Therefore, it is likely that he may seek redress under the Francovich principle. Introduction The statement suggests that the principle of supremacy of EU law is merely a myth originated from the Court of Justice case law, where in fact the national courts have constantly challenged on this concept. In this essay, we will deal with the principle of supremacy of EU law from both the Court of Justice and national courts’ perspectives and argue that the given statement is correct in the context that the supremacy principle enunciated by the Court of Justice is itself fictional and its application in the national courts is not absolute. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the Court of Justice’s Perspective When a State joins the European Union, it is considered that there will be a transfer of sovereignty for certain specific areas of policy from the state to the community. Nevertheless, the community treaty does not contain specific reference in the relationship between the EU law and national law and this leads to a situation where both law are in conflict. Not surprisingly, the Court of Justice (hereinafter referred to as ‘CJEU’, previously known as the ‘European Court of Justice’, ‘ECJ’) is on the view that the EU law must prevail in such conflict. The court took its first step in preserving the uniformity of application of EU law among the Member States in the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos.[16] The stance was affirmed in Costa v ENEL, where the ECJ held that the community has ‘created its own legal system which became an integral part of the legal systems of the Member States and which their courts are bound to apply’.[17] The ECJ further added force to the supremacy principle in the Simmenthal case, where it held that the national courts must set aside the national law if it is in conflict with the community law.[18] At this point, it can be argued that the supremacy principle established by the CJEU is ‘fictional’ as it merely requires a disapplication of national law. In Factortame, the ECJ made clear that if there is a dispute between the national law and the community law, the national courts must set aside its national law, instead on striking down the provision as ultra vires.[19] Furthermore, the supremacy principle from the CJEU’s perspective is not absolute and this was shown in the Asda Stores case in which the ECJ had forfeited the EU supremacy and applied the conflicting national law. [20] On the other hand, because of the wide variation of the constitutional background between the member states, the national courts have responded differently in interpreting the supremacy principle into their own legal system. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the National Courts’ Perspectives There are mainly two approaches to the incorporation of EU law by the national courts, namely monist or dualist approaches. Monistic Theory In monist States, such as Belgium and France, all law is treated equally, it is not necessary for an international law to be implemented into national law and the national courts can apply the law Dualistic Theory For states with a dualist system, such as Germany and United Kingdom, international law and national law are considered to be fundamentally distinct. This means that international law cannot be directly applied by the national courts but requires the translation into the national law. As to give a clearer analysis, we will deal with the legal system of the member states separately: Belgium Belgium provides a good example of acceptance of the supremacy of EU law based upon reasoning which is closest to that employed by the ECJ itself.[21] Even though there has no provision in the Belgian Constitution that supports the supremacy of EU law, the Belgian Court demonstrated its willingness to accord the supremacy principle in Le Ski case. In this case, it was held that if there is a conflict between the Belgian Constitution and a provision under EU treaty that imposes direct effect in the national legal system, the EU law prevails.[22] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the Belgian court’s perspective? It is submitted that Belgium manages the supremacy principle of EU law with relatively ease. Can this be argued that as an evidence of the supremacy principle? Bribosa commented on this issue that the approach taken by the court was actually a consideration of Kompetenz-Kompetenz (competence-competence) doctrine but rather than the ruling of ECJ.[23] In other words, instead of treating that the EU law is superior to the Belgian law, it may be more appropriate to recognise that the Belgian courts has sought to emerge the new community rule with its established domestic legal framework. France In France, the court’s willingness to accord the supremacy of EU law was shown in the Administration des Douanes case[24], where it was held that by virtue of Article 55 of the French Constitution, if there is a conflict between national law and a ratified international treaty, the latter should be give precedence over the former.[25] This approach was only affirmed in Nicolo case[26] where the court suggested that Article 55 enables the courts to review the validity of French legislation with the EU provisions and thus the community law should be given precedence over the national law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the French court’s perspective? Even though the French courts have recognised the supremacy of EU treaty, it is arguable that the supremacy of EU law in the context of French jurisdiction is not absolute. The Constitutional Council had made it clear in the reasoned Decision given on 9 April 1992 Maastricht I[27] that France could derogate its sovereignty to the Union, only if the particular community rule is not contradictory to the French Constitution and will not violate the exercise of national sovereignty.[28] Such reasoning can be regarded as putting a limitation to France’s acceptance of supremacy and thus it may casts ambiguity on the supremacy principle that derived from the CJEU’s ruling. Germany In Germany, the EU supremacy principle is shaped with the terms of Article 23 of the German Basic Law. In Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v EVGF (Solange I), the Federal Constitutional Court held that although Article 23 allowed the transfer of legislative power to EU law, the German Constitution would still take priority over the EU treaty if the community has not removed the possible conflict of norms between EU law and the fundamental rights provision under the German Constitution.[29] However, having considered the development of fundamental rights doctrine by the ECJ, the position has been altered in the case of Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft (Solange II), where it held stated that the court would no longer review EU provision in light of the German Constitution.[30] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the German court’s perspective? By observing the change of attitude of Federal Constitutional Court in adopting the supremacy principle, it is likely that the ECJ’s wish that the EU law should prevail over national law may be fulfilled. However, in has been made clear in Brunner v European Union Treaty the supremacy of EU law within German jurisdiction is not unconditional, the EU law will be applied only because the national law says it does. [31] Therefore, it may not be appropriate to say that the EU law is supreme over German domestic law because the German courts have not surrendered Germany sovereignty but merely fulfil the obligations of EU membership.[32] United Kingdom The situation becomes more complicated in the UK jurisdiction because of its doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. As a dualist states, the EU treaty will only have effect in the UK legal system with the incorporation of UK Act. This led to the publication of the European Communities Act 1972 (hereinafter referred to as ‘ECA 1972’), whereby it incorporates the EU provisions into the English legal system. In R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame, Lord Bridge stated that it had ‘always been clear that it was the duty of a United Kingdom court when delivering final judgment, to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of Community law’.[33] Nevertheless, it must be noted that, the effect of this case would not actually nullify the existing UK legislation and this indicates that the UK national law is still superior to the EU law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the British court’s perspective? It is arguable that the EU law does not take precedence over the UK law since the community legislation may only be effective within the UK legal system with the incorporation of ECA 1972. Such approach has been adopted by Lord Justice Laws in the case of Thoburn v Sunderland City Council, where he pointed out that the relationship between the UK and the EU depends on UK law, not EU law. [34] Conclusion According to Maduro, ‘the acceptance of the supremacy of EU rules over national constitutional rules has not been unconditional’.[35] It is apparent from the discussion above, despite the distinction between monistic and dualist system, the application of EU law under the national legal framework is ultimately influenced by the national law. Therefore, it might be true that the supremacy principle is a fantasy of the CJEU. However, notwithstanding talk of any legal fiction, it can be observed from the case law that the national courts do give effect to supremacy of EU law. The fact that EU law has been consistently and uniformly applied in the member states’ courts today creates no real dispute over the application of supremacy principle in practice. Question: Word length: (2) 1129 (4) 1999 TOTAL 3128 Bibliography Tables of cases EU Cases Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÅ'ˆppenstedt v Council (5/71) [1971] ECR 975 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal (106/77) [1978] ECR 629 Brasserie du PeÃÅ'‚cheur/Factortame III (C-46/93 48/93) [1996] ECR I-1029 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another (C-108/01) [2003] ECR I-5121 Costa v ENEL (6/64) [1964] ECR 585 Francovich v Italy Republic (6/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 Ministero Pubblico v Ratti (148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 P UnioÃÅ'’n de PequenÃÅ'Æ’os Agricultores v Council (C-50/00) [2002] ECR I-6677 Plaumann Co v Commission (25/62) [1963] ECR 95 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÅ'ˆr Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung (C-133/85) [1987] ECR-2289 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council (T-172 175-177/98) [2000] ECR II- 2487 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others (C-213/89) [1990] ECR 2433 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (26/62) [1963] ECR 1 Belgian Case Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse ‘Le Ski’ [1972] CMLR 330 French Cases Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÅ'’teÃÅ'’ CafeÃÅ'’s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336 Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173 German Cases Brunner v European Union Treaty [1994] 1 CMLR 57 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fà ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540 Wà ¼nsche handelsgesellschaft,Re [1987] 3 CMLR 225 United Kingdom Cases Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2003] QB 151 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame [1991] AC 603 Table of Legislation EU Legislation Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 4 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 5 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 263 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 267 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 288 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 6 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 7 French Legislation Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 April 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I French Constitution, art 55 German Legislation Basic Law, art 24 United Kingdom Legislation European Communities Act 1972 Secondary Sources Books Chalmers D, Davies G and Monti G, European Union Law (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2014) Hartley T, European Union Law in a Global Context: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press 2004) Articles Benvenisti E and Downs G, ‘The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loos’ [2014] 25 EJIL 85 Martinoco G, ‘Is the European Convention going to be ‘supreme’? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courts’ [2010] EJIL 401 Maduro M, ‘Interpreting European Law: Judicial Adjudication in a Context of Constitutional Pluralism’ [2007]1 EJLS 2 Electronic Sources Craig P, ‘The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Law’ http://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf> accessed 29 December 2014 1 [1] Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, art 7. [2] Ibid, art 6. [3] Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264. [4] Ibid, art 263. [5] Ibid. [6] Joined Cases T-172 175-177/98 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council [2000] ECR II- 2487. [7] Case 25/62 Plaumann Co v Commission [1963] ECR 95. [8] Case C-133/85 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÅ'ˆr Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung [1987] ECR-2289. [9] Case C-50/00 P UnioÃÅ'’n de PequenÃÅ'Æ’os Agricultores v Council [2002] ECR I-6677, Opinion of AG Jacobs, paras. 41-9. [10] Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1. [11] Case 148/78, Ministero Pubblico v Ratti [1979] ECR 1629. [12] Case 271/91, Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA [1993] ECR I-4367. [13] Case 6/90 Francovich v Italy Republic [1991] ECR I-5357. [14] Joined Cases C-46/93 48/93 Brasserie du PeÃÅ'‚cheur/Factortame III [1996] ECR I-1029. [15] Case 5/71 Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÅ'ˆppenstedt v Council [1971] ECR 975. [16] Van Gend en Loos (n 10). [17] Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585, 593. [18] Case 106/77 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629, 21. [19] Case C-213/89 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others [1990] ECR 2433. [20] Case C-108/01 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another [2003] ECR I-5121. [21] Paul Craig, ‘The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Law’ http://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf> accessed 29 December 2014. [22] Eyal Benvenisti and George Downs, ‘The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loos’ [2014] 25 EJIL 85, http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/25/1/2477.pdf> accessed 9 January 2014, citing Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse ‘Le Ski’ [1972] CMLR 330, 347. [23] Paul (n 21), citing H Bribosia, ‘Report on Belgium’, in A-M Slaughter, A Stone Sweet and J H H Weiler (eds), The European Court and National Courts, Doctrine and Jurisprudence (Oxford: Hart Publishing 1998) p.21-22. [24] Paul (n 21), citing Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÅ'’teÃÅ'’ CafeÃÅ'’s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336. [25] Paul (n 21). [26] Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173, as translation can be found in http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=1440> accessed 9 January 2014. [27]Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 April 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I, as translation can be found in http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=998> accessed 9 January 2014. [28] Giuseppe Martinoco, ‘Is the European Convention going to be ‘supreme’? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courts’ [2010] EJIL 401. [29] Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fà ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540, as translation can be found in http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/german/case.php?id=588> assessed 9 January 2014.

Alexander Calder Essay -- essays research papers

Alexander Calder was one of the most innovative and original American artists of the twentieth century. In 1926, Calder arrived in Paris and devoted himself to a project called the Circus that occupied him for over five years. This contains characters and animals made out of wire, scraps of cloth, wood, cork, labels, bits of scrap metal and pieces of rubber. Calder transported his little theater in suitcases and performed it for his friends. During his performances, Calder invented ways to simulate the flight of birds: â€Å"These are little bits of white paper, with a hole and slight weight on each one, which flutter down several variously coiled thin steel wires which I jiggle so that they flutter down like doves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alexander Calder, An Autobiography with Pictures [New York: Pantheon, 1966], p.92) The Circus is the laboratory of Calder’s work; in it he experimented with new formulas and techniques. "By 1930," sculptor historian Wayne Craven has writte n, Calder's "Circus had become one of the real successes of the art world of Montparnasse, as well as among the Paris intellectuals. Jean Cocteau, Fernand Leger, Joan Miro, Piet Mondrian, Jean Arp... and others were captivated by it, whereas none of them paid much attention to Calder's wood carvings. Such encouragement undoubtedly led him to try more serious experiments in wire sculptures." During this same period he developed wire figures such as Josephine Baker, The Negress, and the Portrait of Edgar Varese, w... Alexander Calder Essay -- essays research papers Alexander Calder was one of the most innovative and original American artists of the twentieth century. In 1926, Calder arrived in Paris and devoted himself to a project called the Circus that occupied him for over five years. This contains characters and animals made out of wire, scraps of cloth, wood, cork, labels, bits of scrap metal and pieces of rubber. Calder transported his little theater in suitcases and performed it for his friends. During his performances, Calder invented ways to simulate the flight of birds: â€Å"These are little bits of white paper, with a hole and slight weight on each one, which flutter down several variously coiled thin steel wires which I jiggle so that they flutter down like doves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alexander Calder, An Autobiography with Pictures [New York: Pantheon, 1966], p.92) The Circus is the laboratory of Calder’s work; in it he experimented with new formulas and techniques. "By 1930," sculptor historian Wayne Craven has writte n, Calder's "Circus had become one of the real successes of the art world of Montparnasse, as well as among the Paris intellectuals. Jean Cocteau, Fernand Leger, Joan Miro, Piet Mondrian, Jean Arp... and others were captivated by it, whereas none of them paid much attention to Calder's wood carvings. Such encouragement undoubtedly led him to try more serious experiments in wire sculptures." During this same period he developed wire figures such as Josephine Baker, The Negress, and the Portrait of Edgar Varese, w...

Nazi Concentration Camps

The Holocaust was one of the world’s worst genocides; concentration camps were the worst place to be if you were a captive. Adolf Hitler, a Nazi, convinced many that certain groups of people needed to be exterminated. He started concentration camps to terrorize his enemies. The first concentration camps started in 1933, six years before World War Two began. There were several concentration camps. These concentration camps consisted of European Jews, P. O. W. ’s (Prisoners of War), political prisoners, criminals, homosexuals, and gypsies, the mentally ill and other groups.The first concentration camp was called Dachau, located in Munich, Germany. It was opened March 22, 1933. Within five years of Dachau opening, the number of concentration camps quadrupled. The Nazis created different types of camps, for example, labor camps, transit and collection camps, P. O. W. camps, hostage (or death camps), and extermination camps. Labor concentration camps were where inmates had t o do hard labor under inhumane conditions and cruel treatment. Transit and collection camps were where inmates were collected and transferred to main camps.Prisoner of war camps were where prisoners were held after being captured. These P. O. W. camps caused torture and liquidation of prisoners on a large scale. Death camps were where hostages were held and killed as reprisals. Extermination camps were a mixture of the other camps and were not useful people were sent to be killed. These concentration camps were all horrible but Auschwitz was the worst. Auschwitz was located in Poland and was opened in June 1940. Auschwitz was a total of 40 kilometers. Auschwitz was a labor and extermination camp. Auschwitz had three other sub camps Auschwitz 2 Birkenau and Auschwitz 3.Auschwitz had the highest death count compared to any other camp. It’s estimated that 4 million people were sent to Auschwitz and 1. 1 million died at Auschwitz. The prisoners died of starvation, exhaustion, dis eases, or killed inhumanely by being shot, burned, or gassed. For the most part, children and elders in the concentration camps were treated the worst. If a child was born in a concentration camp, they would be killed on the spot. Most children and elders were killed as soon as they got to the concentration camps if they looked too weak to be useful to work.Some were used for drug and surgery experiments. To save the amount of poison gas and ammunition used to kill people, some children would be thrown into ovens or put into open fire pits. These prisoners were also beaten, put in pressure chambers, or frozen to death. The Nazis were brutal and didn’t care who they killed. There were many escape attempts, though only 802 attempts on record. Only 144 made it out but most of them were caught and killed, or taken back to camp and starved to death. If someone successfully made it out of the camp, random people in their prisoner block would be starved.One of the most successful es capes was when a few prisoners dressed as guards, stole a car and drove out the front gate, they were never caught. The most successful escape was when Oscar Schindler got 300 women out of Auschwitz. Oscar pretended to be one of the people in charge of the camp. Before the freight car full of people got to the camp, he told them to send them back. When they got back, he took them to a safe house and looked after them. The concentration camps were all shut down on May 7, 1945 when World War Two ended.It was estimated that 7,991,460 people lost their lives in the concentration camps. When the Germans were defeated by the allies they were forced to close down all of the concentration camps. Most of the camps were destroyed. Some of the camps were used as prisons for the Nazis. Some of these concentration camps have been converted into museums and memorials for those who lost their lives. Bibliography 1. Nazi concentration camps Jan 14-17 2011 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nazi_concent ration_camps 2. Auschwitz, Nazi death camp Jan 14-17 2011 http://www. auschwitz. dk/auschwitz. htm

A Few Ways To A Successful Life †Communications Essay

A Few Ways To A Successful Life – Communications Essay Free Online Research Papers A Few Ways To A Successful Life Communications Essay Success plays an important role in our life, success is great thing in our life.Who can be successful? I think everyone. I found a nice poem about success. I want to introduce it now : â€Å" Success is speaking words of praise , in cheering other people’s ways , in doing just the best you can , with every task and every plan â€Å" (Author – N/A) .This poem show that success and being successful is beautiful.We have to do everything to be successful. In order to be successful, a person should have good habits, know great people and have a good career. These things can make people successful. Also we can find many things that make people successful.When people are successful? People have a different causes and I think that success is a personal business. People can be successful because they have expensive car or house, people can be successful because they have a good health, great friends and great family.I am going to introduce things who can make people successful. Good habits can help us to be successful.People have good or bad habits or both.I think that person who has good habits can be successful in life because good habits can help us to be successful.Put first things first not last.The habit â€Å"Put first thing first not last† means that we have to put more important things first and not important things last. This can help us to be successful. I want to adduce some example from life. I have homework on April 15. Now is April 7.I should start do it now and finish it 5 days before April 15.If I‘ll be say â€Å"I never put off till tomorrow what I can possibly do the day after† Then I never start to do the homework and I am going to get zero. I will be unsuccessful when I get zero from important homework.Another example. When I need get some job. I have an appointment on Monday, April 6 , 8:00 AM . I have to remember that I must be on time. I can’t be late .I must get up from the bed early.If I’ll be behind one’s time, I can have big problem because they can say to me â€Å"You’re late †¦we can’t give you job.This was your first meeting.You should be on time and you have to show good attitude.You can’t be late. This means that don’t be late and be on time. Planning ahead.This is another example the habit’s.I have to think about â€Å"tomorrow† , I must have plan for tomorrow† .Tomorrow mean futu re. Now I must start think about my future.I must ask myself â€Å" I want to be†¦.?† This is important in our future .Students from highschools have to know what kind of study they choose/choosed.This is important because if we choose well our dream occupation in our life we will be successful.We can’t waste the time.We have to start planning now. Good habits can help us to be successful person. Other people in our life. Others are important in our life. People can make us successful.Great people from this World can be good example for us. For example Mother Teresa was person who helped others.She was poor,but I think she was successful in her life because by her help she makes other people happy and successful .She was successful that others can be successful.Also John Paul II is good example great person’s who did many good things for this World’s.His words are full of love , hope and about Good. If we will take an example from Mother Teresa or John Paul II we can be successful.They shows good attitude and they are great example for us.How they can help us to be successful?The answer is very easy.Them teach ,words,act can help us understand what is love , hope, peace , help others .These things can make me successful person.Just great people like Mother Teresa or Karol Wojtyla John Paul II who were great examples can help us be successful. Good and true friends can help us be successful.If I know that I have true and good friends who can help me whenever in hard moments .Them presence causes , that I am successful.For example they can borrow me money or some things like CDs or movie.I can be successful when I can go out with my friends.We can be together on party,we can go for some trip.They can help me when I repairs something and I don’t have any idea ,for example my car is broken .I have friend’s who is car mechanic.He can fix my car. I will be happy .Friends can make me successful by help .Great persons are example how be successful,friends can make us successful. Career can make us to be successful. If we have money,we can be successful.Why? I think that everybody should know.If I have a lot of money I can buy everything .For example : expensive car, big house ,boat , cottage , farm †¦etc.I can be successful because I own these thinks whos make me successful.Wealthy people are successful because they have a lot of money and they can buy expensive things.Good job can make people successful.If I have good job I can earn good money.Good job can give me success and make me successful person’s.For example person who is an officer in Police is more successful than person who have job in Tim Horton .I think, that good earning the money is great reason’s to be successful.Our career can make us a popular person .If I will be some singer I have big chances to be popular.Popular can make me successful too. I think , that things provided by me are like bead in sea,because we can find a lot of good advices how to be successful.It is true, that habits can help us be successful ,because If we have a good habits we have successful life ,bad habits can make us unlucky fellow.Good habits plays big role in our life.Great people are important too .They can send message how be successful and what things can make us successful.Friends who are like great treasure can be some part of us successful.I think ,that person who has great and true friends must be successful.I have friends and I am successful. Also I think ,that friends means not only buddy from school. Friend’s can be teacher who can help me when I have some problem ,parent’s can be like best friend’s who can help in hard moments. Career make people happy and successful.I think ,that this is true .Career can help us earn good money. Career can help me change my life for better.I think,that everyone should be suc cessful and enjoy life ,because life is short.For me successful means faith ,hope ,love .Sometime small things can make us successful.We have to discover true mean the word â€Å"success† in our life.Maybe success is beside us , but we don’t know about that. On the end of this essay I found nice quote about success : â€Å" In all of life and nothing less We find the thing , we call success â€Å" Research Papers on A Few Ways To A Successful Life - Communications EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaLifes What IfsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringMind TravelQuebec and Canada

buy custom Children and Technology essay

buy custom Children and Technology essay Technology entails the submission of information to the realistic aspirations of human existence that targets alter and manipulate the human atmosphere. It employs the utilization of tools, materials, techniques and power sources to facilitate easy living and enhance efficiency in performing duties. Technology has been in existence since time in memory and it began influencing the human world as soon as the utilization of tools was embraced. Technological advance was at per with the industrial insurgency and the changeover of machines for human work force and animals. The impacts of technology range from positive to detrimental effects to the society such as water and air pollution and other unwanted impacts. Traditionally, technology catered for the construction of structures, machines and apparatus on a comparatively enormous scale. The enlargement of materials for constructing skyscrapers exemplifies the use of technology during that time. As much as advancements in the construction world may involve chemistry and nuclear physics fields, the main objective of technology is to boost the human circumstance by exploring the best ways to tackle the matters of the world. The improvement of technological activity to be at per with the current lifestyle has employed the necessary changes so as to meet the human lifestyle standards. The relevance of technology also incorporates the novel techniques of thinking or new-fangled insights into the broad-spectrum comprehension base. Some of the applications of technology include: - computers, televisions, radios and the internet. As a form of technology, computers have the ability to undertake duties such as fundamental thinking procedures that are much quicker in order to facilitate commerce and business efficiently. The form of technology developed may be categorized into a variety of factions, which is determined by the branch of science from which the technology is gotten from. Some of the examples that pertain technology are nuclear, medical and computer technologies. Blends of assortment of fields lead to a wider range of technology, with nuclear imaging serving as an example of such blending. The use of technology cuts across all the generational ages and currently, even children have embraced the utilization of technology (Angela Costabile and Barbara Spears 56). Human life has been influenced in various ways. Technology is an essential thing to all individuals in life. In spite that important thing, technology has some detrimental effects particularly for children and may include: - the annihilation of the tender apprentices from learning the fundamentals of life. Impact of technology Technology has advanced at an enormously fast tempo and continues to evolve swiftly. The modern- day children are exposed to technology at a tender age; they practically do not comprehend a universe that is not connected electronically or does not have digital apparatus. While technology has presented the society with numerous advantages in improving the living standards of humans, it has also impacted negatively the human population, especially children. The kids have been largely impacted since it is almost impossible for them to operate and carry out their daily chores without having gadgets such as iPods, cell phones, Cable tv, internet, iPad or any other upto-date technology. As portable gadgets are continued to be produced, the societys potential shape is enhanced and consequently, the impact of technology on children advances to another new level (Jane Healy 89). The positive ways in which innovativeness has influenced the lives of children can be felt all over the universe. Technology entails the provision of empowering effect to those who utilize it. In the case of children, innovativeness has prompted them to develop novel and better technologies that enhance good living. A lot of current technological advancements have generated excitement among the children and this has presented them with the opportunity to be empowered with upto-date information concerning the entire universe. Consequently, their relationship with the environment surrounding them has been boosted as they explicitly comprehend the environment better, thanks to technological advancements. In modern society, computers have been employed as teaching tools for children. Furthermore, most products, both software and hardware, have been modified to provide learning and fun, which develops dynamism and excitement among the children to learn. This has been precious since it has augmented developmental gain knowledge (Sally Blake 302). The children are presented with the necessary tools to resolve problems ad acquire information, hence empowering them to learn autonomously. The utilization of technology at home has enabled parents to spend more quality time with their children and this ahs boosted the relationship between the children and their parents. The parents are able to assist their children in performing school work and activity program. In addition, children who engage in video game playing tend to develop an elevated visual reasoning proficiency. The game allows children to process what they have viewed and form a solution. As a result of the technical image information, children adjust to multitask making them to be more efficient than their ancestors. The employment of technology has also eased the acquisition of information. The internet contains a lot of information that can easily be accessed rather than going to the library to read volumes of books. Learning spots in the internet are precious resources to students, teachers as well as parents. Technology has advanced the social network and communication in the universe. Children are able to make friendship with other people from different parts of the world through the internet (Diana Kimpton 86). Contact between the children and their parents is privatized and this permits increased positive communication. The use of text messages exemplifies the improved communication between the parents and their children. As much as technology has boosted the lives of children, it has also effected detrimental impact to the same children. Children are exposed to negative influence emanating from technological advancements such as the internet and television as they easily accessible and are available always. The media has embarked on generating fear in the society and whenever children are exposed to such instances, they develop a generally negative perception with regard to the society. This makes the children to develop traits that they decipher to be essential in coping up with the negative society when in the real sense, they end up creating unsocietal behavior. The society is currently engaged in tackling issues such as childhood obsession to the internet, obesity, and the means of preventing the children from predators who are mostly associated with the internet. In some instances, it is believed that technology has greatly contributed to the moral decadence in the society, especially with regard to children. As much as parents fear letting their children to go out and play, the substitution technological devices is proving to be more detrimental (Madeline Levine 166). The internet has made the accessibility of lewd material to be easy and when not checked, children utilizing the internet are exposed to such material and even go to the extend of downloading them. Habitually, parents taught their off springs on the bad behavior but with the advancement in technology, children no longer comprehend that downloading movies and music from the internet is illegal. Technology has encouraged laziness among children who, for the larger portion of their life, have been utilizing the computer to perform all of their duties including education. Another profound effect of technology is loss of the real touch of life as most children live in the fantasies encountered in the technological universe. Television, another technological device, has also contributed to negative impact on children. Programs that seem childlike and educational are also causing problems. The television contain inappropriate material as programs meant for kid also portray girls of tender age in a provocative manner in terms of their dressing code and show teenagers involved in dating relationships. The behaviors showed in television such as violence, selfishness, lying, mouthing off and parental disobedience influence the overall behavior of the children as they imitate these behaviors (David Atkin and Lin Carolyn 234). Most of the children who, for a large part of their time, e ngage in watching violent programs in the television, tent to become vulnerable to violent messages and images. The concept of education has been altered since the programs showed entail children participating in activities such as wild animal saving and other forms of good-Samaritan activities. At first, all these activities seem fine until that time when the children become so obsessed with such activities, thereby absconding education. Moreover, excessive television watching may impede the improvement of language proficiency. This is because; language skill is best grown through connections and reading with fellow children, together with teachers, in play and dialogue (Geoffrey Caine and Renate Caine 207). Children get to comprehend and grasp language whenever other children aand adults interact with them as the children get an opportunity to express themselves and respond to the questions posed to them. In addition, television and computers does not engage the children into true dialogue hence causing the impediment. The health of the children is another affected area. Television can impede school routine and learning when it impinges into the time children utilize for crucial activities that enhance healthy physical and mental development. These activities, which include: - reading, playing, exploring nature and participating in sports ensures healthy living and thus, the engagement of children in watching too much television interferes with this essential part of their formative tender age. Television viewing has become a noteworthy factor in childhood obesity development as it is a sedentary activity (Shalom Fisch 156). Whenever an individual views television, an instant feeling of relaxation is experienced but after watching, this feeling disappears. Contrary to this, children feel more energized after engaging in activities such as: - sports and hobbies. The irony of this reality is that a lot of children spend their free time watching television, despite the fact that prolonged watching is none rewarding as compared to the effects of participating in activities such as: - playing and exercising ones hobbies. Additionally, television viewing encourages and contributes to the enhancement of weight gaining among the children through its aggressive advertisement of junk foodstuffs to the young generation, hence the development of obesity. Most of the food advertisements seen in televisions, including children programs, are fast foodstuffs, pre-sugared cereals and candy. However, Commercials involving healthy foods constitute a very minor percentage and this has contributed to children adopting what they view in the television since they tend to believe it is the right thing (Don Tapscott 140). Most of these commercials involve large budgets directed towards manipulating consumer behavior, which mostly affect the children who spend a good percentage of their time watching television. Taking a lot of junk food and not participating in physical activities is the main cause of obesity The modern media; -television, music, magazines, movies, advertisements and the internet, have barraged the children with sexual images and messages. As much as television can be a very essential tool in advising the children on the hazards of sexual activities, such information is rarely dealt with or mentioned in a consequential way in the series containing such. Children, on the other hand, will imitate such activities and try to apply what they viewed as a result of curiosity. The end result is the advancement of sexual immorality at a very tender age. The societys general moral standards are depleted since the expected custodians meant to pass the right morals to the upcoming generation, are immoral. Another behavior mostly enhanced by the advertisements is alcoholism (Andrew Solway 43). Alcohol drinking has been given more priority as compared to healthy eating; therefore, children are given the notion that alcoholism is a cool thing. Conclusion Technology has a profound effect on those who utilize it, especially the children. It being an extension of children and adults community and provided that a lot of children spend most of their time taken on operating and utilizing the technological devices such as television, the effect it imparts on children is enormous. The modern society has subverted children in living rooms and also, incarcerated them from physical and educational activities due to technology. To some extend, technological devices, especially television and the internet, have been assumed to take over the role of parenting of children. The society has ignored the impacts of such technological devices on children and this has exposed children to very negative influences. Bearing in mind the content of the preponderance of technological devices such as television programs and the internet, together with the obsession of utilizing these devices, children are the most affected of al the population. Therefore, the employment of technology, to a larger extent, has resulted into moral decadence in the society, especially among the children. Parents are expected to carry out their responsibilities diligently in order to curb the negative effect of technology and to ensure the proper up bringing of children. Furthermore, to attain success in the education of children, the teachers too are expected to limit the time and the type of technological forms the children are exposed to. Buy custom Children and Technology essay