Medical Ethics in Treatment of Animals

Catcher in the Rye Thesis Paper essays

Catcher in the Rye Thesis Paper essays The Catcher in the Rye is a story about a young man named Holden Caulfield and the experiences that he faces after being dismissed from school. This book contains a great deal of symbolism, but it can very easily be missed in its simple story line. The story line itself is very basic, and I do not feel that the plot is very well written. When taken the time to appreciate it, this book is without a doubt a classic. As was stated in the first paragraph this story contains a great deal of symbolism. In the beginning of the story, when Mr. Spencer fails Holden, Holden is surprised about the failing grade and his mind begins to wander. He thinks about Central Park and how when the pond freezes over the duck leave. He shows a great deal of concern for what happens to the ducks. I believe that his concern for the ducks while the pond is frozen over symbolizes his concern for what he is going to do now that he has been dismissed from school. Much later on in the book Holden is talking with Horwitz, an angry cab driver, about what happens to the ducks and fish when the pond freezes over. Perhaps Holden is still unsure about what is in store for him and what he should do with his life. Holdens character does not relate to people very well. Throughout the story Holden is longing for a companion. He does not have a very good personality so instead he uses money to get the likeness of others. In many instances his buys drinks for women to win their respect, but most of the time he is not very interested. Although Holden is very generous, his generosity is limited to his wallet. However, Holden does care very much for his sister Phoebe. She is ten years old and is very charming and intelligent. Holden cares deeply for her because he lost his brother Allie to leukemia and he never wants to lose another sibling. Holden is also a very opinionated character. He is always concerned a ...

Ideas and Ideologies of Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ideas and Ideologies of Mill - Essay Example Later at the age of twenty Mill suffered a mental break down which made him conscious, that more was needed in life than devotion to the public good and an analytical intellect. He turned towards Coleridge, Carlyle, Wordsworth, and Goethe to cultivate his aesthetic sensibilities. From 1830 to his death, he tried to persuade the British public of the necessity of a scientific approach, h to understanding social, political and economic change while not neglecting the insights of poets and other imaginative writers. (The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy ed.) Mill was also strongly influenced by his wife Harriet Taylor and became more inclined and sympathetic towards socialism, womens rights and political and social reforms such as proportional representation, labour unions, and farm co-operatives. Mill use logic derived from the principles of the natural sciences to address questions of language and logic, induction, the relativity of knowledge, the structure of the scientific method, the structure of arithmetic and geometry, and the principles of the moral sciences. Mill was committed to the idea that our best methods of explaining the world are those employed by the natural sciences. His System of Logic 1843 was an account not only of logic, as the title implies, but of the methods of science and their applicability to social as well as purely natural phenomena. ‘The object of logic â€Å"is to ascertain how we come by that portion of our knowledge (much the greatest portion) which is not intuitive: and by what criterion we can, in matters not self-evident, distinguish between things proved and things not proved, between what is worthy and what is unworthy of belief.† (A System of Logic [System], I.i.1).

To compose a proposal for research paper Assignment - 1

To compose a proposal for research paper - Assignment Example Literature Review: In this research it will entail studying and analyzing previous studies conducted in a similar research topic and evaluation of the theses and hypotheses developed by the authors. Articles, books and other relevant documents to the research problem will be identified, located and analyzed to determine what has already been done thus stimulating new ideas and approaches. Further, literature review will not only provide suggested recommendation but also form a framework for interpreting research findings. I plan to conduct proposal paper with the methodology of action research strategy, which is usually conducted with the aim of solving an immediate problem, in this case, treatment of special needs children. Data will be collected systematically from sources of similar law requirements using the probabilistic method of systematic random sampling. Using this strategy, the information will be selected randomly and ranked in accordance with its applicability in this health law so that an appropriate mechanism to create the law will be developed (World report on disability 21). The selection of relevant information will be crucial in this research thereby researchers will be required to apply judgmental evaluation while observing ethical research procedures. The planned proposed paper’s variables relating to the health law addressing treatment of special needs children will undergo analysis through two procedures; conceptualization and operationalization. This technique ensures that the findings will not only be valid to the entire concept but also reliable. Variables that may affect achievement of sufficient measurement and analysis consist of extraneous variables given they may be easily overlooked by the researcher and cause errors in applicability of the law. This research will statistically minimize their effects by considering every angle while establishing relevant

Experiences of Being Human Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experiences of Being Human - Essay Example   The poem is written with a mixed emotion of appreciation of friendship (between man and environment) as well as the nostalgia of needing to have an emotional connection. Mora on her work in Legal Alien that appeared in her poetry collection that was published in 1984 entitled Chants spoke how horrible it felt once this human connection is lost by just being different in a society that is oblivious of diversity. Mora is of Mexican descent and holds American citizenship by law yet not entirely part of the society she is in because of her two worlds, being a Mexican as well as an American. This poem exudes raw emotion as it was articulated from the first-person point of view on how Mora felt the emotional alienation when that emotional connection of which Whitman talked about is lost by just being an immigrant. This became obvious in the last few lines of her poem stating; â€Å"Sliding back and forth/between the fringes of both worlds/ by smiling  / by masking the discomfort   / of being pre-judged  /Bi-laterally†. pain was best described by using the characterization of the protagonists of the Vietnam War such as the â€Å"white vet's image /floats closer to me, then his pale eyes look through mine† and a woman â€Å"trying to erase names: [but] No, she's brushing a boy's hair† making it poignantly painful to recall. The Martian Sends a Postcard Home, on the other hand, combined the familiar and the bizarre as the familiar was seen from an alien’s point of view. Here, Craig Raine highlighted the eccentricity of human experience by the characterization of a martian of which it narrates the similarity and difference between an alien and human being and in a way a commentary or critique of how human beings treat human experience. The Model T has used a symbol (the early version of cars made by Ford) that it differs because it is locked from the inside and that there is â€Å"a film to watch for anything missed†. This pass age may have been written casually but this line is actually loaded with meaning. It is the human experience gone by as it is looked on the film (which is really the rear mirror)† and we are mindless of it because â€Å"time is tied to the wrist or kept in a box† which made us all regretful and as he Raine tells â€Å"No one is exempt and everyone's pain has a different smell†. Perhaps one of the best media of how human beings expressed their deeply seated emotion is through poems. The authors Whitman, Mora, Komunyakaa, and Raine may have represented the varying human emotion that ranged from the â€Å"joyous leaves†, alienation, pain in recalling and indifference or regret and may have used different symbolisms such as the trees, Vietnam Memorial, Model T car or a legal status but all of them converged in their intent to articulate and explore human emotions.  

Exam Answers on EU Law

Exam Answers on EU Law (a)  The UK Parliament wishes to challenge the draft Directive on the basis that it infringes the principle of subsidiarity. The UK Parliament has a system of scrutiny committees that are responsible to review the proposal established by the EU Commission. In the given scenario, the draft Directive touches on the area of ‘Research, Technological Development and Space’. According to Article 4 of Lisbon Treaty, the EU and Member States have shared competence in this field, but paragraph 3 further stipulates that the exercise of the EU’s competence in this field does not limit the competence of the Member States. Therefore, the scrutiny committees may issue a reasoned opinion on the basis that the draft Directive has infringed the principle of subsidiarity set out in Article 5(3) of the Lisbon Treaty of European Union. According to Article 6 of Protocol 2, the UK committees must issue the reasoned opinion that oppose the draft Directive within eight weeks from the date of transmission.[1] Here, the draft Directive was established on 15 December 2012 and thus the deadline for the UK Parliament to issue the reasoned opinion will be 9 February 2013. It must be noted that, if at least one third of the national parliaments have given the reasoned opinion, it is considered as a ‘yellow card’ and the Commission can be required to review the draft Directive. However, in case of more than a simple majority, this is an orange card and this allows the European Parliament and the Council to reject the draft Directive before the first reading.[2] (b)  The German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (hereinafter referred to as ‘the association’) wishes to challenge the regulation, in order for it to be declared invalid. There are two ways available: a direct action under Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as ‘TFEU’); or an indirect action under Article 267 of TFEU. Direct Action under Article 263 In order to strike down the directive successfully under Article 263,[3] there are three procedural requirements: there is a legal act, the action is raised within the prescribed limit of two months and the applicant must have sufficient legal standing to initiate the action.[4] By virtue of Article 288 of the TFEU, a directive is a ‘legal act’ that fulfil the Article 263 requirement. We are told that the directive was adopted on 1 July 2013 and thus the latest date for the association to bring the action is 1 September 2013. Further, the association is a non-privileged applicant who has no automatic standing and thus it is necessary for the association to satisfy that the adopted Directive is of both the direct and individual concern to them.[5] Nevertheless, as shown in the Salamander case, it may be extremely difficult for a non-privileged applicant to prove that a directive is of direct concern to him.[6] According to Plaumann, it is likely that the directive casts no individual concern to the association as they cannot be differentiated from the other researchers.[7] Thus, the action under Article 263 looks unlikely materialise to the association. Indirect Action under Article 267 Alternatively, under Article 267, the association may have to be a party to an action in a national court and the court would have discretion as to whether or not to make a reference on this issue to the CJEU. According to Rau v BALM, the facts that the association has no standing under Article 263 would not affect their ability in bring an Article 267 action.[8] But it is still not advisable for the association to bring an action under Article 267 as it has been pointed out by Advocate General Jacobs in UnioÃÅ'’n de PequenÃÅ'Æ’os Agricultores that it is wrong to expect someone to ‘breach the law in order to gain access to justice’.[9] (c)  Professor Moltisanti wishes to bring an action against Italian government for its failure to implement the directive. There are two actions available to him: the doctrine of direct effect; or the Francovich principle. The Doctrine of Direct Effect According to the leading case of Van Gen den Loos, in order for directive to give rise to direct effects, certain criteria has to be satisfied.[10] First of all, as shown in Ratti, the court held that the applicant is only allowed to rely on a directive that the deadline for implementation has been expired.[11] On the facts, the grant scheme runs from July 2014, this indicates that the deadline for transposition (1 November 2013) has already expired and thus Professor Moltisanti may be able to rely on the directive directly in the court. Next, in Marshall v Southampton SW Hampshire AHA, it was held that a directive could be invoked vertically against a public body.[12] In the other words, Professor Moltisanti can rely on the directive vertically against the Italian government. Francovich Principle On the other hand, an alternative way that available for Professor Moltisanti is the principle established in the Francovich case that a right to damages against the member states is available to individuals if they have suffered loss as a result of the member state’s failure to implement a directive.[13] This principle is further developed Factortame, where the court laid down the criteria in replying the Francovich principle that there must be a sufficiently serious breach and direct causal link can be established between the breach and the loss suffered by the individual.[14] Applying this to the facts, the failure to implement the directive is automatically a sufficiently serious breach within the SchoÃÅ'ˆppenstedt[15] formula and it is clearly that the Italian government’s failure to implement the directive makes Professor Moltisanti lost the opportunity to gain support under the scheme. Therefore, it is likely that he may seek redress under the Francovich principle. Introduction The statement suggests that the principle of supremacy of EU law is merely a myth originated from the Court of Justice case law, where in fact the national courts have constantly challenged on this concept. In this essay, we will deal with the principle of supremacy of EU law from both the Court of Justice and national courts’ perspectives and argue that the given statement is correct in the context that the supremacy principle enunciated by the Court of Justice is itself fictional and its application in the national courts is not absolute. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the Court of Justice’s Perspective When a State joins the European Union, it is considered that there will be a transfer of sovereignty for certain specific areas of policy from the state to the community. Nevertheless, the community treaty does not contain specific reference in the relationship between the EU law and national law and this leads to a situation where both law are in conflict. Not surprisingly, the Court of Justice (hereinafter referred to as ‘CJEU’, previously known as the ‘European Court of Justice’, ‘ECJ’) is on the view that the EU law must prevail in such conflict. The court took its first step in preserving the uniformity of application of EU law among the Member States in the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos.[16] The stance was affirmed in Costa v ENEL, where the ECJ held that the community has ‘created its own legal system which became an integral part of the legal systems of the Member States and which their courts are bound to apply’.[17] The ECJ further added force to the supremacy principle in the Simmenthal case, where it held that the national courts must set aside the national law if it is in conflict with the community law.[18] At this point, it can be argued that the supremacy principle established by the CJEU is ‘fictional’ as it merely requires a disapplication of national law. In Factortame, the ECJ made clear that if there is a dispute between the national law and the community law, the national courts must set aside its national law, instead on striking down the provision as ultra vires.[19] Furthermore, the supremacy principle from the CJEU’s perspective is not absolute and this was shown in the Asda Stores case in which the ECJ had forfeited the EU supremacy and applied the conflicting national law. [20] On the other hand, because of the wide variation of the constitutional background between the member states, the national courts have responded differently in interpreting the supremacy principle into their own legal system. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the National Courts’ Perspectives There are mainly two approaches to the incorporation of EU law by the national courts, namely monist or dualist approaches. Monistic Theory In monist States, such as Belgium and France, all law is treated equally, it is not necessary for an international law to be implemented into national law and the national courts can apply the law Dualistic Theory For states with a dualist system, such as Germany and United Kingdom, international law and national law are considered to be fundamentally distinct. This means that international law cannot be directly applied by the national courts but requires the translation into the national law. As to give a clearer analysis, we will deal with the legal system of the member states separately: Belgium Belgium provides a good example of acceptance of the supremacy of EU law based upon reasoning which is closest to that employed by the ECJ itself.[21] Even though there has no provision in the Belgian Constitution that supports the supremacy of EU law, the Belgian Court demonstrated its willingness to accord the supremacy principle in Le Ski case. In this case, it was held that if there is a conflict between the Belgian Constitution and a provision under EU treaty that imposes direct effect in the national legal system, the EU law prevails.[22] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the Belgian court’s perspective? It is submitted that Belgium manages the supremacy principle of EU law with relatively ease. Can this be argued that as an evidence of the supremacy principle? Bribosa commented on this issue that the approach taken by the court was actually a consideration of Kompetenz-Kompetenz (competence-competence) doctrine but rather than the ruling of ECJ.[23] In other words, instead of treating that the EU law is superior to the Belgian law, it may be more appropriate to recognise that the Belgian courts has sought to emerge the new community rule with its established domestic legal framework. France In France, the court’s willingness to accord the supremacy of EU law was shown in the Administration des Douanes case[24], where it was held that by virtue of Article 55 of the French Constitution, if there is a conflict between national law and a ratified international treaty, the latter should be give precedence over the former.[25] This approach was only affirmed in Nicolo case[26] where the court suggested that Article 55 enables the courts to review the validity of French legislation with the EU provisions and thus the community law should be given precedence over the national law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the French court’s perspective? Even though the French courts have recognised the supremacy of EU treaty, it is arguable that the supremacy of EU law in the context of French jurisdiction is not absolute. The Constitutional Council had made it clear in the reasoned Decision given on 9 April 1992 Maastricht I[27] that France could derogate its sovereignty to the Union, only if the particular community rule is not contradictory to the French Constitution and will not violate the exercise of national sovereignty.[28] Such reasoning can be regarded as putting a limitation to France’s acceptance of supremacy and thus it may casts ambiguity on the supremacy principle that derived from the CJEU’s ruling. Germany In Germany, the EU supremacy principle is shaped with the terms of Article 23 of the German Basic Law. In Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v EVGF (Solange I), the Federal Constitutional Court held that although Article 23 allowed the transfer of legislative power to EU law, the German Constitution would still take priority over the EU treaty if the community has not removed the possible conflict of norms between EU law and the fundamental rights provision under the German Constitution.[29] However, having considered the development of fundamental rights doctrine by the ECJ, the position has been altered in the case of Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft (Solange II), where it held stated that the court would no longer review EU provision in light of the German Constitution.[30] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the German court’s perspective? By observing the change of attitude of Federal Constitutional Court in adopting the supremacy principle, it is likely that the ECJ’s wish that the EU law should prevail over national law may be fulfilled. However, in has been made clear in Brunner v European Union Treaty the supremacy of EU law within German jurisdiction is not unconditional, the EU law will be applied only because the national law says it does. [31] Therefore, it may not be appropriate to say that the EU law is supreme over German domestic law because the German courts have not surrendered Germany sovereignty but merely fulfil the obligations of EU membership.[32] United Kingdom The situation becomes more complicated in the UK jurisdiction because of its doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. As a dualist states, the EU treaty will only have effect in the UK legal system with the incorporation of UK Act. This led to the publication of the European Communities Act 1972 (hereinafter referred to as ‘ECA 1972’), whereby it incorporates the EU provisions into the English legal system. In R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame, Lord Bridge stated that it had ‘always been clear that it was the duty of a United Kingdom court when delivering final judgment, to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of Community law’.[33] Nevertheless, it must be noted that, the effect of this case would not actually nullify the existing UK legislation and this indicates that the UK national law is still superior to the EU law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the British court’s perspective? It is arguable that the EU law does not take precedence over the UK law since the community legislation may only be effective within the UK legal system with the incorporation of ECA 1972. Such approach has been adopted by Lord Justice Laws in the case of Thoburn v Sunderland City Council, where he pointed out that the relationship between the UK and the EU depends on UK law, not EU law. [34] Conclusion According to Maduro, ‘the acceptance of the supremacy of EU rules over national constitutional rules has not been unconditional’.[35] It is apparent from the discussion above, despite the distinction between monistic and dualist system, the application of EU law under the national legal framework is ultimately influenced by the national law. Therefore, it might be true that the supremacy principle is a fantasy of the CJEU. However, notwithstanding talk of any legal fiction, it can be observed from the case law that the national courts do give effect to supremacy of EU law. The fact that EU law has been consistently and uniformly applied in the member states’ courts today creates no real dispute over the application of supremacy principle in practice. Question: Word length: (2) 1129 (4) 1999 TOTAL 3128 Bibliography Tables of cases EU Cases Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÅ'ˆppenstedt v Council (5/71) [1971] ECR 975 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal (106/77) [1978] ECR 629 Brasserie du PeÃÅ'‚cheur/Factortame III (C-46/93 48/93) [1996] ECR I-1029 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another (C-108/01) [2003] ECR I-5121 Costa v ENEL (6/64) [1964] ECR 585 Francovich v Italy Republic (6/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 Ministero Pubblico v Ratti (148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 P UnioÃÅ'’n de PequenÃÅ'Æ’os Agricultores v Council (C-50/00) [2002] ECR I-6677 Plaumann Co v Commission (25/62) [1963] ECR 95 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÅ'ˆr Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung (C-133/85) [1987] ECR-2289 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council (T-172 175-177/98) [2000] ECR II- 2487 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others (C-213/89) [1990] ECR 2433 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (26/62) [1963] ECR 1 Belgian Case Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse ‘Le Ski’ [1972] CMLR 330 French Cases Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÅ'’teÃÅ'’ CafeÃÅ'’s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336 Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173 German Cases Brunner v European Union Treaty [1994] 1 CMLR 57 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fà ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540 Wà ¼nsche handelsgesellschaft,Re [1987] 3 CMLR 225 United Kingdom Cases Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2003] QB 151 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame [1991] AC 603 Table of Legislation EU Legislation Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 4 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 5 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 263 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 267 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 288 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 6 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 7 French Legislation Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 April 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I French Constitution, art 55 German Legislation Basic Law, art 24 United Kingdom Legislation European Communities Act 1972 Secondary Sources Books Chalmers D, Davies G and Monti G, European Union Law (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2014) Hartley T, European Union Law in a Global Context: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press 2004) Articles Benvenisti E and Downs G, ‘The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loos’ [2014] 25 EJIL 85 Martinoco G, ‘Is the European Convention going to be ‘supreme’? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courts’ [2010] EJIL 401 Maduro M, ‘Interpreting European Law: Judicial Adjudication in a Context of Constitutional Pluralism’ [2007]1 EJLS 2 Electronic Sources Craig P, ‘The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Law’ http://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf> accessed 29 December 2014 1 [1] Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, art 7. [2] Ibid, art 6. [3] Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264. [4] Ibid, art 263. [5] Ibid. [6] Joined Cases T-172 175-177/98 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council [2000] ECR II- 2487. [7] Case 25/62 Plaumann Co v Commission [1963] ECR 95. [8] Case C-133/85 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÅ'ˆr Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung [1987] ECR-2289. [9] Case C-50/00 P UnioÃÅ'’n de PequenÃÅ'Æ’os Agricultores v Council [2002] ECR I-6677, Opinion of AG Jacobs, paras. 41-9. [10] Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1. [11] Case 148/78, Ministero Pubblico v Ratti [1979] ECR 1629. [12] Case 271/91, Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA [1993] ECR I-4367. [13] Case 6/90 Francovich v Italy Republic [1991] ECR I-5357. [14] Joined Cases C-46/93 48/93 Brasserie du PeÃÅ'‚cheur/Factortame III [1996] ECR I-1029. [15] Case 5/71 Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÅ'ˆppenstedt v Council [1971] ECR 975. [16] Van Gend en Loos (n 10). [17] Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585, 593. [18] Case 106/77 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629, 21. [19] Case C-213/89 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others [1990] ECR 2433. [20] Case C-108/01 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another [2003] ECR I-5121. [21] Paul Craig, ‘The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Law’ http://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf> accessed 29 December 2014. [22] Eyal Benvenisti and George Downs, ‘The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loos’ [2014] 25 EJIL 85, http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/25/1/2477.pdf> accessed 9 January 2014, citing Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse ‘Le Ski’ [1972] CMLR 330, 347. [23] Paul (n 21), citing H Bribosia, ‘Report on Belgium’, in A-M Slaughter, A Stone Sweet and J H H Weiler (eds), The European Court and National Courts, Doctrine and Jurisprudence (Oxford: Hart Publishing 1998) p.21-22. [24] Paul (n 21), citing Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÅ'’teÃÅ'’ CafeÃÅ'’s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336. [25] Paul (n 21). [26] Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173, as translation can be found in http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=1440> accessed 9 January 2014. [27]Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 April 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I, as translation can be found in http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=998> accessed 9 January 2014. [28] Giuseppe Martinoco, ‘Is the European Convention going to be ‘supreme’? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courts’ [2010] EJIL 401. [29] Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fà ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540, as translation can be found in http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/german/case.php?id=588> assessed 9 January 2014.

Alexander Calder Essay -- essays research papers

Alexander Calder was one of the most innovative and original American artists of the twentieth century. In 1926, Calder arrived in Paris and devoted himself to a project called the Circus that occupied him for over five years. This contains characters and animals made out of wire, scraps of cloth, wood, cork, labels, bits of scrap metal and pieces of rubber. Calder transported his little theater in suitcases and performed it for his friends. During his performances, Calder invented ways to simulate the flight of birds: â€Å"These are little bits of white paper, with a hole and slight weight on each one, which flutter down several variously coiled thin steel wires which I jiggle so that they flutter down like doves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alexander Calder, An Autobiography with Pictures [New York: Pantheon, 1966], p.92) The Circus is the laboratory of Calder’s work; in it he experimented with new formulas and techniques. "By 1930," sculptor historian Wayne Craven has writte n, Calder's "Circus had become one of the real successes of the art world of Montparnasse, as well as among the Paris intellectuals. Jean Cocteau, Fernand Leger, Joan Miro, Piet Mondrian, Jean Arp... and others were captivated by it, whereas none of them paid much attention to Calder's wood carvings. Such encouragement undoubtedly led him to try more serious experiments in wire sculptures." During this same period he developed wire figures such as Josephine Baker, The Negress, and the Portrait of Edgar Varese, w... Alexander Calder Essay -- essays research papers Alexander Calder was one of the most innovative and original American artists of the twentieth century. In 1926, Calder arrived in Paris and devoted himself to a project called the Circus that occupied him for over five years. This contains characters and animals made out of wire, scraps of cloth, wood, cork, labels, bits of scrap metal and pieces of rubber. Calder transported his little theater in suitcases and performed it for his friends. During his performances, Calder invented ways to simulate the flight of birds: â€Å"These are little bits of white paper, with a hole and slight weight on each one, which flutter down several variously coiled thin steel wires which I jiggle so that they flutter down like doves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alexander Calder, An Autobiography with Pictures [New York: Pantheon, 1966], p.92) The Circus is the laboratory of Calder’s work; in it he experimented with new formulas and techniques. "By 1930," sculptor historian Wayne Craven has writte n, Calder's "Circus had become one of the real successes of the art world of Montparnasse, as well as among the Paris intellectuals. Jean Cocteau, Fernand Leger, Joan Miro, Piet Mondrian, Jean Arp... and others were captivated by it, whereas none of them paid much attention to Calder's wood carvings. Such encouragement undoubtedly led him to try more serious experiments in wire sculptures." During this same period he developed wire figures such as Josephine Baker, The Negress, and the Portrait of Edgar Varese, w...

Nazi Concentration Camps

The Holocaust was one of the world’s worst genocides; concentration camps were the worst place to be if you were a captive. Adolf Hitler, a Nazi, convinced many that certain groups of people needed to be exterminated. He started concentration camps to terrorize his enemies. The first concentration camps started in 1933, six years before World War Two began. There were several concentration camps. These concentration camps consisted of European Jews, P. O. W. ’s (Prisoners of War), political prisoners, criminals, homosexuals, and gypsies, the mentally ill and other groups.The first concentration camp was called Dachau, located in Munich, Germany. It was opened March 22, 1933. Within five years of Dachau opening, the number of concentration camps quadrupled. The Nazis created different types of camps, for example, labor camps, transit and collection camps, P. O. W. camps, hostage (or death camps), and extermination camps. Labor concentration camps were where inmates had t o do hard labor under inhumane conditions and cruel treatment. Transit and collection camps were where inmates were collected and transferred to main camps.Prisoner of war camps were where prisoners were held after being captured. These P. O. W. camps caused torture and liquidation of prisoners on a large scale. Death camps were where hostages were held and killed as reprisals. Extermination camps were a mixture of the other camps and were not useful people were sent to be killed. These concentration camps were all horrible but Auschwitz was the worst. Auschwitz was located in Poland and was opened in June 1940. Auschwitz was a total of 40 kilometers. Auschwitz was a labor and extermination camp. Auschwitz had three other sub camps Auschwitz 2 Birkenau and Auschwitz 3.Auschwitz had the highest death count compared to any other camp. It’s estimated that 4 million people were sent to Auschwitz and 1. 1 million died at Auschwitz. The prisoners died of starvation, exhaustion, dis eases, or killed inhumanely by being shot, burned, or gassed. For the most part, children and elders in the concentration camps were treated the worst. If a child was born in a concentration camp, they would be killed on the spot. Most children and elders were killed as soon as they got to the concentration camps if they looked too weak to be useful to work.Some were used for drug and surgery experiments. To save the amount of poison gas and ammunition used to kill people, some children would be thrown into ovens or put into open fire pits. These prisoners were also beaten, put in pressure chambers, or frozen to death. The Nazis were brutal and didn’t care who they killed. There were many escape attempts, though only 802 attempts on record. Only 144 made it out but most of them were caught and killed, or taken back to camp and starved to death. If someone successfully made it out of the camp, random people in their prisoner block would be starved.One of the most successful es capes was when a few prisoners dressed as guards, stole a car and drove out the front gate, they were never caught. The most successful escape was when Oscar Schindler got 300 women out of Auschwitz. Oscar pretended to be one of the people in charge of the camp. Before the freight car full of people got to the camp, he told them to send them back. When they got back, he took them to a safe house and looked after them. The concentration camps were all shut down on May 7, 1945 when World War Two ended.It was estimated that 7,991,460 people lost their lives in the concentration camps. When the Germans were defeated by the allies they were forced to close down all of the concentration camps. Most of the camps were destroyed. Some of the camps were used as prisons for the Nazis. Some of these concentration camps have been converted into museums and memorials for those who lost their lives. Bibliography 1. Nazi concentration camps Jan 14-17 2011 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nazi_concent ration_camps 2. Auschwitz, Nazi death camp Jan 14-17 2011 http://www. auschwitz. dk/auschwitz. htm

A Few Ways To A Successful Life †Communications Essay

A Few Ways To A Successful Life – Communications Essay Free Online Research Papers A Few Ways To A Successful Life Communications Essay Success plays an important role in our life, success is great thing in our life.Who can be successful? I think everyone. I found a nice poem about success. I want to introduce it now : â€Å" Success is speaking words of praise , in cheering other people’s ways , in doing just the best you can , with every task and every plan â€Å" (Author – N/A) .This poem show that success and being successful is beautiful.We have to do everything to be successful. In order to be successful, a person should have good habits, know great people and have a good career. These things can make people successful. Also we can find many things that make people successful.When people are successful? People have a different causes and I think that success is a personal business. People can be successful because they have expensive car or house, people can be successful because they have a good health, great friends and great family.I am going to introduce things who can make people successful. Good habits can help us to be successful.People have good or bad habits or both.I think that person who has good habits can be successful in life because good habits can help us to be successful.Put first things first not last.The habit â€Å"Put first thing first not last† means that we have to put more important things first and not important things last. This can help us to be successful. I want to adduce some example from life. I have homework on April 15. Now is April 7.I should start do it now and finish it 5 days before April 15.If I‘ll be say â€Å"I never put off till tomorrow what I can possibly do the day after† Then I never start to do the homework and I am going to get zero. I will be unsuccessful when I get zero from important homework.Another example. When I need get some job. I have an appointment on Monday, April 6 , 8:00 AM . I have to remember that I must be on time. I can’t be late .I must get up from the bed early.If I’ll be behind one’s time, I can have big problem because they can say to me â€Å"You’re late †¦we can’t give you job.This was your first meeting.You should be on time and you have to show good attitude.You can’t be late. This means that don’t be late and be on time. Planning ahead.This is another example the habit’s.I have to think about â€Å"tomorrow† , I must have plan for tomorrow† .Tomorrow mean futu re. Now I must start think about my future.I must ask myself â€Å" I want to be†¦.?† This is important in our future .Students from highschools have to know what kind of study they choose/choosed.This is important because if we choose well our dream occupation in our life we will be successful.We can’t waste the time.We have to start planning now. Good habits can help us to be successful person. Other people in our life. Others are important in our life. People can make us successful.Great people from this World can be good example for us. For example Mother Teresa was person who helped others.She was poor,but I think she was successful in her life because by her help she makes other people happy and successful .She was successful that others can be successful.Also John Paul II is good example great person’s who did many good things for this World’s.His words are full of love , hope and about Good. If we will take an example from Mother Teresa or John Paul II we can be successful.They shows good attitude and they are great example for us.How they can help us to be successful?The answer is very easy.Them teach ,words,act can help us understand what is love , hope, peace , help others .These things can make me successful person.Just great people like Mother Teresa or Karol Wojtyla John Paul II who were great examples can help us be successful. Good and true friends can help us be successful.If I know that I have true and good friends who can help me whenever in hard moments .Them presence causes , that I am successful.For example they can borrow me money or some things like CDs or movie.I can be successful when I can go out with my friends.We can be together on party,we can go for some trip.They can help me when I repairs something and I don’t have any idea ,for example my car is broken .I have friend’s who is car mechanic.He can fix my car. I will be happy .Friends can make me successful by help .Great persons are example how be successful,friends can make us successful. Career can make us to be successful. If we have money,we can be successful.Why? I think that everybody should know.If I have a lot of money I can buy everything .For example : expensive car, big house ,boat , cottage , farm †¦etc.I can be successful because I own these thinks whos make me successful.Wealthy people are successful because they have a lot of money and they can buy expensive things.Good job can make people successful.If I have good job I can earn good money.Good job can give me success and make me successful person’s.For example person who is an officer in Police is more successful than person who have job in Tim Horton .I think, that good earning the money is great reason’s to be successful.Our career can make us a popular person .If I will be some singer I have big chances to be popular.Popular can make me successful too. I think , that things provided by me are like bead in sea,because we can find a lot of good advices how to be successful.It is true, that habits can help us be successful ,because If we have a good habits we have successful life ,bad habits can make us unlucky fellow.Good habits plays big role in our life.Great people are important too .They can send message how be successful and what things can make us successful.Friends who are like great treasure can be some part of us successful.I think ,that person who has great and true friends must be successful.I have friends and I am successful. Also I think ,that friends means not only buddy from school. Friend’s can be teacher who can help me when I have some problem ,parent’s can be like best friend’s who can help in hard moments. Career make people happy and successful.I think ,that this is true .Career can help us earn good money. Career can help me change my life for better.I think,that everyone should be suc cessful and enjoy life ,because life is short.For me successful means faith ,hope ,love .Sometime small things can make us successful.We have to discover true mean the word â€Å"success† in our life.Maybe success is beside us , but we don’t know about that. On the end of this essay I found nice quote about success : â€Å" In all of life and nothing less We find the thing , we call success â€Å" Research Papers on A Few Ways To A Successful Life - Communications EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaLifes What IfsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringMind TravelQuebec and Canada

buy custom Children and Technology essay

buy custom Children and Technology essay Technology entails the submission of information to the realistic aspirations of human existence that targets alter and manipulate the human atmosphere. It employs the utilization of tools, materials, techniques and power sources to facilitate easy living and enhance efficiency in performing duties. Technology has been in existence since time in memory and it began influencing the human world as soon as the utilization of tools was embraced. Technological advance was at per with the industrial insurgency and the changeover of machines for human work force and animals. The impacts of technology range from positive to detrimental effects to the society such as water and air pollution and other unwanted impacts. Traditionally, technology catered for the construction of structures, machines and apparatus on a comparatively enormous scale. The enlargement of materials for constructing skyscrapers exemplifies the use of technology during that time. As much as advancements in the construction world may involve chemistry and nuclear physics fields, the main objective of technology is to boost the human circumstance by exploring the best ways to tackle the matters of the world. The improvement of technological activity to be at per with the current lifestyle has employed the necessary changes so as to meet the human lifestyle standards. The relevance of technology also incorporates the novel techniques of thinking or new-fangled insights into the broad-spectrum comprehension base. Some of the applications of technology include: - computers, televisions, radios and the internet. As a form of technology, computers have the ability to undertake duties such as fundamental thinking procedures that are much quicker in order to facilitate commerce and business efficiently. The form of technology developed may be categorized into a variety of factions, which is determined by the branch of science from which the technology is gotten from. Some of the examples that pertain technology are nuclear, medical and computer technologies. Blends of assortment of fields lead to a wider range of technology, with nuclear imaging serving as an example of such blending. The use of technology cuts across all the generational ages and currently, even children have embraced the utilization of technology (Angela Costabile and Barbara Spears 56). Human life has been influenced in various ways. Technology is an essential thing to all individuals in life. In spite that important thing, technology has some detrimental effects particularly for children and may include: - the annihilation of the tender apprentices from learning the fundamentals of life. Impact of technology Technology has advanced at an enormously fast tempo and continues to evolve swiftly. The modern- day children are exposed to technology at a tender age; they practically do not comprehend a universe that is not connected electronically or does not have digital apparatus. While technology has presented the society with numerous advantages in improving the living standards of humans, it has also impacted negatively the human population, especially children. The kids have been largely impacted since it is almost impossible for them to operate and carry out their daily chores without having gadgets such as iPods, cell phones, Cable tv, internet, iPad or any other upto-date technology. As portable gadgets are continued to be produced, the societys potential shape is enhanced and consequently, the impact of technology on children advances to another new level (Jane Healy 89). The positive ways in which innovativeness has influenced the lives of children can be felt all over the universe. Technology entails the provision of empowering effect to those who utilize it. In the case of children, innovativeness has prompted them to develop novel and better technologies that enhance good living. A lot of current technological advancements have generated excitement among the children and this has presented them with the opportunity to be empowered with upto-date information concerning the entire universe. Consequently, their relationship with the environment surrounding them has been boosted as they explicitly comprehend the environment better, thanks to technological advancements. In modern society, computers have been employed as teaching tools for children. Furthermore, most products, both software and hardware, have been modified to provide learning and fun, which develops dynamism and excitement among the children to learn. This has been precious since it has augmented developmental gain knowledge (Sally Blake 302). The children are presented with the necessary tools to resolve problems ad acquire information, hence empowering them to learn autonomously. The utilization of technology at home has enabled parents to spend more quality time with their children and this ahs boosted the relationship between the children and their parents. The parents are able to assist their children in performing school work and activity program. In addition, children who engage in video game playing tend to develop an elevated visual reasoning proficiency. The game allows children to process what they have viewed and form a solution. As a result of the technical image information, children adjust to multitask making them to be more efficient than their ancestors. The employment of technology has also eased the acquisition of information. The internet contains a lot of information that can easily be accessed rather than going to the library to read volumes of books. Learning spots in the internet are precious resources to students, teachers as well as parents. Technology has advanced the social network and communication in the universe. Children are able to make friendship with other people from different parts of the world through the internet (Diana Kimpton 86). Contact between the children and their parents is privatized and this permits increased positive communication. The use of text messages exemplifies the improved communication between the parents and their children. As much as technology has boosted the lives of children, it has also effected detrimental impact to the same children. Children are exposed to negative influence emanating from technological advancements such as the internet and television as they easily accessible and are available always. The media has embarked on generating fear in the society and whenever children are exposed to such instances, they develop a generally negative perception with regard to the society. This makes the children to develop traits that they decipher to be essential in coping up with the negative society when in the real sense, they end up creating unsocietal behavior. The society is currently engaged in tackling issues such as childhood obsession to the internet, obesity, and the means of preventing the children from predators who are mostly associated with the internet. In some instances, it is believed that technology has greatly contributed to the moral decadence in the society, especially with regard to children. As much as parents fear letting their children to go out and play, the substitution technological devices is proving to be more detrimental (Madeline Levine 166). The internet has made the accessibility of lewd material to be easy and when not checked, children utilizing the internet are exposed to such material and even go to the extend of downloading them. Habitually, parents taught their off springs on the bad behavior but with the advancement in technology, children no longer comprehend that downloading movies and music from the internet is illegal. Technology has encouraged laziness among children who, for the larger portion of their life, have been utilizing the computer to perform all of their duties including education. Another profound effect of technology is loss of the real touch of life as most children live in the fantasies encountered in the technological universe. Television, another technological device, has also contributed to negative impact on children. Programs that seem childlike and educational are also causing problems. The television contain inappropriate material as programs meant for kid also portray girls of tender age in a provocative manner in terms of their dressing code and show teenagers involved in dating relationships. The behaviors showed in television such as violence, selfishness, lying, mouthing off and parental disobedience influence the overall behavior of the children as they imitate these behaviors (David Atkin and Lin Carolyn 234). Most of the children who, for a large part of their time, e ngage in watching violent programs in the television, tent to become vulnerable to violent messages and images. The concept of education has been altered since the programs showed entail children participating in activities such as wild animal saving and other forms of good-Samaritan activities. At first, all these activities seem fine until that time when the children become so obsessed with such activities, thereby absconding education. Moreover, excessive television watching may impede the improvement of language proficiency. This is because; language skill is best grown through connections and reading with fellow children, together with teachers, in play and dialogue (Geoffrey Caine and Renate Caine 207). Children get to comprehend and grasp language whenever other children aand adults interact with them as the children get an opportunity to express themselves and respond to the questions posed to them. In addition, television and computers does not engage the children into true dialogue hence causing the impediment. The health of the children is another affected area. Television can impede school routine and learning when it impinges into the time children utilize for crucial activities that enhance healthy physical and mental development. These activities, which include: - reading, playing, exploring nature and participating in sports ensures healthy living and thus, the engagement of children in watching too much television interferes with this essential part of their formative tender age. Television viewing has become a noteworthy factor in childhood obesity development as it is a sedentary activity (Shalom Fisch 156). Whenever an individual views television, an instant feeling of relaxation is experienced but after watching, this feeling disappears. Contrary to this, children feel more energized after engaging in activities such as: - sports and hobbies. The irony of this reality is that a lot of children spend their free time watching television, despite the fact that prolonged watching is none rewarding as compared to the effects of participating in activities such as: - playing and exercising ones hobbies. Additionally, television viewing encourages and contributes to the enhancement of weight gaining among the children through its aggressive advertisement of junk foodstuffs to the young generation, hence the development of obesity. Most of the food advertisements seen in televisions, including children programs, are fast foodstuffs, pre-sugared cereals and candy. However, Commercials involving healthy foods constitute a very minor percentage and this has contributed to children adopting what they view in the television since they tend to believe it is the right thing (Don Tapscott 140). Most of these commercials involve large budgets directed towards manipulating consumer behavior, which mostly affect the children who spend a good percentage of their time watching television. Taking a lot of junk food and not participating in physical activities is the main cause of obesity The modern media; -television, music, magazines, movies, advertisements and the internet, have barraged the children with sexual images and messages. As much as television can be a very essential tool in advising the children on the hazards of sexual activities, such information is rarely dealt with or mentioned in a consequential way in the series containing such. Children, on the other hand, will imitate such activities and try to apply what they viewed as a result of curiosity. The end result is the advancement of sexual immorality at a very tender age. The societys general moral standards are depleted since the expected custodians meant to pass the right morals to the upcoming generation, are immoral. Another behavior mostly enhanced by the advertisements is alcoholism (Andrew Solway 43). Alcohol drinking has been given more priority as compared to healthy eating; therefore, children are given the notion that alcoholism is a cool thing. Conclusion Technology has a profound effect on those who utilize it, especially the children. It being an extension of children and adults community and provided that a lot of children spend most of their time taken on operating and utilizing the technological devices such as television, the effect it imparts on children is enormous. The modern society has subverted children in living rooms and also, incarcerated them from physical and educational activities due to technology. To some extend, technological devices, especially television and the internet, have been assumed to take over the role of parenting of children. The society has ignored the impacts of such technological devices on children and this has exposed children to very negative influences. Bearing in mind the content of the preponderance of technological devices such as television programs and the internet, together with the obsession of utilizing these devices, children are the most affected of al the population. Therefore, the employment of technology, to a larger extent, has resulted into moral decadence in the society, especially among the children. Parents are expected to carry out their responsibilities diligently in order to curb the negative effect of technology and to ensure the proper up bringing of children. Furthermore, to attain success in the education of children, the teachers too are expected to limit the time and the type of technological forms the children are exposed to. Buy custom Children and Technology essay

Why is the European Crisis So Much More Severe than the US Crisis and Essay

Why is the European Crisis So Much More Severe than the US Crisis and What Could Be Done to Fix It - Essay Example This crisis first manifested in late 2009 when the sovereign debt crisis was triggered by the increased levels of government debt around the world, and it was worsened by the downgrading of government debts for some European countries. Various causes of economic crises were seen for different European countries and all of these issues converged to form sovereign debts which were further increased by banking bailouts. In some other countries in Europe, their crisis was caused by private debts arising from the downturn of the property market. Greece was one of the countries which were significantly affected by this crisis. However, in general, the impact of the European crisis has been largely extensive. The impact of this crisis however seems to be larger and longer as compared to the US economic crisis as the US is now manifesting improvements in their economy. This paper shall discuss why the European crisis is so much more severe than the US crisis and what could be done to fix it. ... In effect, any economic decision and government solution imposed by the US federal government is a decision which is meant to affect the entire country, not just a particular state (Koba, 2012). For the European community however, the crisis stems from a variety of causes for different countries and any solution to be implemented by the European community would be difficult to implement to all countries (Nelson, et.al., 2012). The European crisis is taking much longer than the US crisis to resolve because it is caused by various issues. These causes seem to include the following or a combination of the following: globalized finance, flexible credit option from 2002 to 2008 which caused high-risk spending, 2007-2012 global financial crisis, global trade imbalance, real estate crisis, 2008-2012 international recession, and bailouts of banks and private bondholders (Kakutani, 2011). All of these elements combined form the European economic crisis. In the last two years, the European Zon e has carried out various considerations on how to handle their crisis. However, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and even Italy have experienced a significant rating downgrade of their sovereign debt (Kakutani, 2011). This led to issues of default and a significant rise in borrowing costs. And, while this zone may be prompted to do whatever it would take to resolve the crisis, it would be unlikely for the situation to be resolved in the immediate foreseeable future. This crisis is not a classic currency issue (Sri Kumar, 2012). It is an issue which involves the management of economies in a currency zone, with their related economic and political issues arising from the fact that their citizens are doing

Management - Business Simulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Business Simulations - Essay Example The month end bank balance of ?7687 is decent enough to start with and is sufficient to meet the immediate cash needs as compared to the level of business activity. The slightly higher fixed costs of ?826 are indicative of the initial spending in research and networking which is absolutely crucial at this stage to take the business into the future. This is a step in the right direction at this stage. There is a net loss of ?778 and at this stage it is quite expected as the sales effort starts showing results only after some time. Besides, from the Time spent breakup (Appendix 1.2), it seems that the sales effort is greater than the overall marketing effort at this stage, since building cash inflow is a priority at this stage. The idle time shows that here is pressure to build up business and this is translated into sales activity which is more action oriented than the marketing activity. The same trend continues in February and is depicted in March ’13 report. In March’ 13, the bank balance is more or less maintained, indicative of even cash inflows and outflows. However, the expenditure and time on the marketing and product research activities shows an increase. The customer research and competition research is complete and the product redesign based on the research has been completed y this time. The business breaks even in the month of March 13 which is shown in the April 13. The bank balance is maintained and the business shows strong growth signs. The sales are increasing and the bank balance is building up with increase in new orders. The production time is increasing and the idle time is decreasing. The business has made a small profit of ?45. However, this trend is reverted the very next month owing to higher overheads in terms of spending business website. The website though a cost, is the right decision at the right time for the business, since, an online presence with the traditional marketing as well as supply chain management methods was hugely complemented by the same. Since at this time, the number of sales enquiries from traditional marketing methods is too low to sustain the business (Appendix1.3). The sales effort and its effectiveness has been maintained and is evident from the fact that the product stock at the end of the month is zero for a considerable period of time that is from Jan’ 13 to Feb’14. This apart from sales effort is also indicative of good inventory planning. However, by month May 13, due to lack of orders, the production capacity was idle for the most part. The scenario seems to be a result of overemphasis on research and planning at the expense of sales effort in recent past. The management was advised to give some more focus to the core activity of selling. This showed some result in the very next month, when the orders from previous month exceeded an amount of ?2870 and this is where the business starts making profit on a sustainable basis. The production capacity is util ized to a great extent and the idle time minimized. The growth in profit continues and by August, the production targets are being met. The Marketing team was advised to work out the possibilities of a long term business opportunity. The effort showed results in the form of the first customer contract by August 13 (Appendix 1.4). By September